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1、阅读理解的应试技巧考试中阅读理解的短文一般有书信.对话.记叙文.描写文.说明文.论述文等多种体裁.不同体裁的短文有其不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次,也就有不同的阅读理解方式,了解短文的不同体裁及其相应的文章脉络结构,有利于考生对短文进行层次的分析从而加深对短文的理解,并能最大限度地读懂较难的文章.六级考试的阅读理解部分一般只有说明文和论述文两种较难的文体,下面将具体讨论处理这两种体裁的文章及难文的阅读理解技巧. (1)说明文 说明文多见于人文.自然等科普读物,常通过定义.比较.对照等写作手法对事物的性状.特征.演变.结果或其相互之间的关系进行解释或揭示.说明文的第一句通常为主题句,开宗明义.点明
2、全文要说明的对象,行文方式主要有比较.对照和分类几种格式,每篇短文以一种为主,有时几种兼用.阅读说明文要抓住文章的主题,弄清短文的段落组织方式与行文格式,同时还要把握各层次(或自然段)的要点及其与短文主题的内在关系. (2)论述文 论述文是所有文体中比较难理解的一种,主要因为这类文章往往渗透着作者的个人观点和态度,观点和事实相互混杂,读者难以分辨.作者的观点态度有时通过旗帜鲜明的论点明述,有时则通过论证或驳论喑示.阅读论述文要从该文体的写作和结构特点入手,注意以下四个方面: 1)抓住短文的论点,论据并明确作者用以论证的是归纳.类推还是演绎;2)论述文通常立中有驳.驳中有立,阅读中要特别注意其中
3、的反驳内容; 3)抓住论证中表示因果(because,as a result,therefore等).递进(moreover,in addition等)和转折(but,however等)的意流转换信号词;4)注意作者使用的表达自己赞同.反对等感情色彩的形容词.副词或句型. (3)难文的阅读理解 六级考试的阅读短文中,我们经常碰到特别难懂的文章,能在阅读这类短文时通过运用技巧最大限度地发挥出自己的阅读水平,无疑会提高我们的阅读成绩及六级考试的成功率. 碰到难读的短文,首先要确立自信,冷静地读下去,要充分利用短文中上下句的互释作用,不必为个别晦涩的难词.难句或概念所束缚,可通过对上下文(特别是下文
4、)的理解来领悟个别难词.难句的大意从而获得对有关概念的理解.同时要充分运用阅读理解的技能和层次分析等技巧,在阅读中积极预测.及时归纳.分析层次.各个击破.其次,了解难文的类型,也有助于我们对症下药攻克难关,短文难读不外乎以下几种原因: 1)短文涉及的题材专业性强,话题生疏; 2)短文的话题涉及比较虚玄的人文科学,读来费解; 3)短文的体裁较难,结构错综,层次复杂; 4)短文中多为结构复杂的长句,理不清句子基本结构; 5)短文中有许多生僻词和成语,等等. 例: No formula for bo_-office success in a movie is more certain than to
5、 have a cocky heroine enter some field which is generally regarded as a masculine preserve,achieve some initial superficial successes,and then become so entangled in difficulties that she has to be e_tricated by the hero,who,smirking forgiveness,offers her his brain for salvation and his lapel for p
6、enitence,submission,and tears. Women in our society are still almost completely dependent upon men for their livelihood,and most of them demonstrate their intelligence by taking care not to seem more intelligent than their escort thinks they ought to be.According to a study of _3 coeds,reported by M
7、irra Komarovsky in the American Journal of Sociology,many college girls deliberately play dumb to please their dates.Forty percent admitted that they lied about their grades,making them out to be lower than they were,gave up arguments when they saw they might win,lost card games,begged for e_planati
8、ons of what they already knew,knowingly misspelled words in their letters andjigged,lisped,and ambledin the manner which so annoyed Prince Hamlet. 1.The subject of this passage is _. A.how women adjust to their ependence on men B.the inferiority of women C.a formula for bo_-office success D.the inte
9、lligence of women in our society 2.The author suggests that women s wisest course of action is to _. A.develop their brain power through education B.organize to change e_isting morals C.choose men possessed of less intelligence than their own D.cultivate the art of pleasing men 3.The author feels th
10、at movies which show women as inferior to men are successful because such inferiority is _. A.wishful thinking on the part of men B.what women really want C.typical of the unreality of movie-land D.an accepted social pattern 4.If the concurred with the thesis of this passage,a legislator attempting
11、to frame a law regulating divorce would probably include provisions to _. A.award custody of the children to the women in all cases B.make it difficult for incompatible couples to separate C.ensure payment of alimony to the divorced wife D.ensure that the court determine the guilty party 5.The autho
12、r mentions that coedsgave up arguments when they saw they might win,lost card games,etc.,to show that women are . A.cowardly B.false C.realistic D.unintelligent 本文包容了上述2).3).4).5)四类难点,困难的焦点又集中在第一段:难词.长句又加上借喻等修辞手法.但我们可以先不看第一段,只要往第二段读下去,自然能抓住全文的主题,从而求得对第一段大意的理解.第一段的难点主要是句子,简化后的句子主干成份是:No formula.is mo
13、re certain than to have.,接着是动词have的句型:have a heroine enter.,achieve.and then become,而后又是so.that的程度结果句;句中还有两个定语从句,分别由which和who引导,修饰field和hero;由who引导的定语从句中brain和lael(西服前翻领)为借喻,分别表示affection和comfort,即为他出谋划策并让她靠在他怀里忏悔.屈服并流泪.句子主干部分为否定比较级表示最高级,相当于It is most certain for bo_-office success to have. (答案:1.A,
14、2.D,3.D,4.C,5.C) 二.不同题型的应试技巧 考试意义上的阅读理解不同于一般获取信息的阅读,它是一种定向理解,即要求考生在阅读短文后回答命题人设计的理解题,与考题无关的内容则可以不理解,理解 正确率及能力强弱通过答题正确率鉴定.这样,阅读理解应试技巧当包括两个方面的内容:把握命题人的命题意图,了解他出题时处理短文的深度和角度;站在命题 人角度去分析阅读理解题题型,并掌握不同题型的特点及答题要求.六级考试阅读理解题型大致可以归纳为以下四类:词汇语义题.细节要点判断题.主题归纳题和 暗示推论题. (1) 词汇语义题 这类试题问及词汇的上下文语义及代(名)词的指代,问题涉及的词语有四类:词组短语.生僻单词.旧词新义.指代性名词或代词.这类问题的设计目的不是考查 考生的词汇量,而是从特定的角度测试考生的阅读理解能力和上下文推定词义处理生词的能力,所以解答这类试题同样要紧扣短文,特别是问及的是我们所认识的单 词时,不能凭我们对该词的已有知识匆然选题,而要根据上下文来确定该词在本短文中的特殊含义.词汇语义题的问题干扰项一般有以下几种类型: 1)与上下文并不相吻的我们所熟悉的定义; 2)与上下文似乎相吻的错误定义; 3)出现在上下文中的与本词词性相同的词; 4)问
