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1、Introduction1.Globalizationoperations.is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business经济学视角中的Macroculture large society.全球化 表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程；2.:The term macrocultureimplies losingethnic differences and formingone宏观文化 意味着种族差异的消逝和一个大社会的形成；3.Meltingpotmeans a socioculturala
2、ssimilationofpeople ofdifferentbackgrounds andnationlities.熔炉 :不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化；4.Microcultures:cultures within cultures微观文化： 文化中的文化5.Interculturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetween people whose cultureperceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化
3、交际 : 指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际； Chapter 1Cultureis a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化 是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的说明，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响；6.7.Culture identityrefers to ones sense of belonging to a pa
4、rticular culture or ethnic group.文化身份 ：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体；Subcultureare formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.亚文化 :具有能在更大的一个社会范畴内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化；8.9.Subgroupare groups wi
5、ththe dominantculture does not agree and withwhich ithascommunication problems.亚群体 :与主流文化不一样，并与主流文化有交际障碍的交际群体；Rules may refers to socially agreed-on behavior or to individual guidelines for behavior.规章 :社会认同的行为或行为的个体原就；10.11.Normsare culturallyingrainedprinciplesofcorrect and incorrectbehaviors whic
6、h,ifbroken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原就，味着一种显性或隐性的惩罚；Chapter 2这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意12.Enculturation社会文化适应：Acculturationis the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society.人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程；refers to an individual s learning and adopting the norms and
7、values of the13.new host culture.文化适应： 人们学习适应新文化的社会规范和价值观的过程；14.分隔和隔离separation and segregationparticipating in the new culture.refer to maintaining one s original culture and not在文化适应过程中保留了原有文化，完全没有接受和习得新文化；115.融合 Integrationtakes place when individualsbecome an integral part of the new culturewhil
8、e maintaining their cultural integrity integration ensures a continuity of culture.在文化适应中人们成为新文化的一部分，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性；16.同化 Assimilationis the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture foranother .when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previousc
9、ulture.人们舍弃原有文化， 接受新文化的程度一旦被主流文化同化，人们就失去了原有的文化；17.边缘化 Marginalizationor deculturation, refers to losing ones cultural identityand nothaving any psychologicalcontact with the larger society.人们不仅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且与广大社会失去了心理联系；18.文化震荡 Culture shockrefers to the traumatic experience that an individual may e
10、ncounterwhen entering a different culture.人们在进入一种新文化环境时，遭受的痛楚和难忘的经历；Chapter 3信息源 source is the person with an idea he orshe desires to communicate.是具有交际需要和愿望的详细的人；编码 encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.是指将思想转换成代码的行为过程；信息 message is the resulting object.是沟通的内容，编码的结果；19.20.21.22.2
11、3.24.channel渠道干扰解码程；反馈情境是信息传递的手段；noise 指任何会曲解信息源所要表达的信息的事情；decoing 信息接收者在积极参加沟通的过程中对所接收到的符号信息给予意义的过25.26.feedback指信息接收者的反应被信息源所明白的那一部分反应；context 交际发生的环境并且有助于说明交际内容的含义；Chapter 4人际交际interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusivelywithone another and who theref
12、ore have the abilityto adapt their messages27.specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them.的交往他们既能依据对方调整自己的信息，又能立刻从对方那里获得说明；指少数人之间28.内文化交际intracultural communicationis defined as communication between and amongmembers of the same culture .指同一文化内某成员之间的交际，治倾向宗教，或者具有同样
13、爱好的人们之间的交际；国家间交际internationcommunication指国家和政府而非个人之间的交际，此种交际特别正式和仪式化；总的来说， 同一种族， 政29.30.跨民族交际interthniccommunication：refers to communicationbetween people of thesame race ,but different ethnic backgrounds .指同一种族，不同民族背景的人们之间的交际；31.跨 种 族 交 际interracialcommunication:occurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexc
14、hanging messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics.指信息源和信息来自不同的种族，种族具有不同的身体特点；32.跨地区交际interregionalcommunication:refers tothe exchange ofmessages betweenmembers of the dominant culture within a country.指一个国家内主流文化成员之间的信息2交换过程；Chapter 5世界观 worldview33.:is the
15、beliefthat we holdexplainingthe cosmos God,the nature ofhumanityand nature. 指我们持有的对宇宙，神，人本质及自然的最根本的看法；宗教 religionrefers to belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as34.creator and governor of the universe.敬；对超自然力气宇宙制造者和掌握者权力的信任与崇35.36.individualism:个人利益胜于集体利益，集体主义collectivism ：个人融入集体；个人主义uncertaintyavoidancedeal
