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1、动名词（动名词具有动词和名词的特征，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语）一、 动名词的作用1、 作主语谓语用单数。It代替动名词作主语，常用于如下结构：Its no good/use doing如：Seeing is believing.Playing with fire is dangerous.Its no good waiting here.2、 作宾语I enjoy listening to music.He often practices playing the piano in the evening.He is fond of playing basketball.He has gi
2、ven up smoking.Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?(1) 只能接动名词作宾语的动词：admit，advise建议，risk，appreciate，envy嫉妒，avoid避免，consider考虑，delay延迟，deny否认，dislike不喜欢，enjoy，escape逃避，excuse原谅、宽恕，finish完成，forgive原谅，understand理解，give up放弃，imagine想象，keep保持，mind介意、在乎，miss未达到，practise训练，put off推迟，resi
3、st抵抗，suggest建议、暗示cant help 禁不住，cant stand无法忍受，devote to(to为介词)致力于，look forward to 期望、盼望，stick to坚持，be used to习惯于，object to反对，be busy忙于，fee like想要be surprised at 对感到惊讶 be proud of 以为骄傲 succeed in 在某方面成功 be afraid of害怕 give up 放弃(2) 只能接不定式作宾语的动词：happen 碰巧，offer 主动提出，promise 答应，agree 同意，refuse拒绝，decide
4、 决定，determine 决定、决心，pretend 假装，fail 未能够，learn，wish希望，hope，expect，afford 负担得起。 (3) 接动名词、不定式均可，意义相同的动词：like，love，dislike，hate，begin，star，continue，prefer，cant bear/endure 无法忍受，cease停止(4) 下列词接动名词和不定式均可，但意义不同的动词：forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try等Stop to do 停下来去做 stop doing 停止做Forget to do 忘记要做 f
5、orget doing 忘记做过Remember to do 记得要做 remember doing 记得做过Regret to do 遗憾要做 regret doing 后悔做过Try to do 企图做，尽力做 try doing 试着做Go on to do 继续做（另一件事） go on doing 继续做（同一件事）Mean to do 打算做 mean doing 意味做In some parts of London, missing a bus means _ for another hour.A waiting B to waiting C wait D to be waiti
6、ng答案：A(5) Need, require, want作“需要”讲，其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义，be worth也有类似用法。如：The flowers need watering/to be watered.The problem is worth discussing.3、 作表语此时的动名词可以和主语调换位置。如：My hobby is collecting stamps.Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the child.4、 作定语动名词作定语，一般表示用途。如：a waiting room，a diving
7、board，a reading room，a dining hallthere are a lot of swimming pools in the city.注：（1）现在分词作定语表动作，它与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，可改写成一个定语从句。如果为单词，放在被修饰n之前，为短语，放在被修饰n之后。如：a sleeping boy =a boy who is sleeping a developing country =a country which is developing （2）动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途或性质，可改写成一个for的短语，两者不存在逻辑上的主谓关
8、系。如：a washing machine = a mashine for washing a swimming pool = a pool for swimming 二、 动名词的时态和语态动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常要用完成式，否则都用一般式。如：We are interested in playing chess.He was praised for having finished the work ahead of time.Im sorry for not having kept my promise.若主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象，动名词用被动语态。如：We
9、must do something to prevent water from being polluted.I remember having been told a story.He was afraid of being scolded by the teacher.及物动词不及物动词主动被动主动一般时doingbeing donedoing完成时having donehaving been donehaving done非谓语动词在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）不定式、动名词和现在分词都有
10、时态和语态的变化.不定式主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系一般式To doTo be done动作发生在谓语动作之后进行式To be doing与谓语动作同时发生完成式To have doneTo have been done动作发生在谓语动作之前动名词主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系一般式DoingBeing done与谓语动作同时发生完成式Having doingHaving been done动作发生在谓语动作之前现在分词主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系一般式DoingBeing done与谓语动作同时发生完成式Having doneHaving been done动作发生在谓语动作之前不
11、定式一、 不定式的作用1、 作主语 不定式作主语时，谓语用单数。往往用it 作形式主语，把不定式放在谓语后面。如：It took us two hours to finish the job.It is impossible for us to get there on time.It is very kind of you to help us.注意：（1）其他系动词如look, appear等也可用于此句型。 （2）当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is to的句型。试比较： It is to negate my own idea to believe him.（错
12、） To believe him is to negate my own idea .（对） （3）It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth. 结构中，当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时，用of, 否则用 for.2、 作宾语（1） 动词+不定式。如：He managed to escape from the fire.I find it hard to get along with him.（it 作形式宾语）注：下列动词通常用不定式作宾语：want, try, hope, wish, need, forget, know, promise, re
13、fuse, help, decide, begin, start, learn, agree, choose, get等（2） 动词+疑问词+to , “特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词，作宾语。如：I dont know what to do next/ how to do it next.I cant decide when to go there.注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后，用it 作形式宾语。如：I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.3、 作宾语补足语（1） 动词+宾语+不定
14、式（to do ）。如：He warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you think so?（不带to的不定式） 注：可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有：ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish,warn, expect, prefer, encourage（2） 表见解、看法的动词结构可为：动词+宾语+ to be 的不定式结构。如：We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.The book is believed to be useful.（被动语态） (3) There +不定式。如：We didnt expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。注意：（1）有些动词需用 as 短语作补语，像regard, think, believe, take, consider。如：We regard Tom as our best te
