本科毕业设计（论文） 外 文 翻 译原文：原文：Low-income Housing and Community ParticipationThe conceptual framework The previous decades have seen the field of low-income housing transformed from policies that supported ‘mass provision of dwellings’ to ‘community organization actions’. Policies linked with the notion of ‘… slums representing an urban disease’(Taschner,1988:26) changed to the notion of what ‘… very poor people are capable of doing (for their) communities’ (Turner, 1988:n.p.). There is no doubt now that the assumption of repetitive construction of high-density houses as the affordable solution to the chronic housing shortage is wrong. The ‘Community Movement’ has proved that there is an entirely different production process of cheap and, importantly, good standard housing.In discussing initially ‘who participates’ it is necessary to discern the community concept which connotes the direct involvement of ordinary people in local affairs. Midgley (1986:25) points out that, ‘the proponents of community participation are clearly not concerned with affluent apartment dwellers or wealthy suburbanites or with landowners or rich farmers or other rural elites’. He goes further, quoting Hollnsteiner’s comments (quoted in Midgley, 1986:25) who also maintains that, ‘people’s participation refers not to everyone in an identifiable community – since local elites already have a strong voice in decision-making – but rather to the poor majority with little access to resources and power’. Over time the conception of participation has gradually emerged as a fundamental necessity of a new strategy to provide affordable shelter in which the role of community organizations and individual capacities are importantly involved. ‘From squatter settlements in Third World cities to the action groups and voluntary organizations that are a familiar feature in Britain, the communities have challenged for their right to gain access to land and social services in order to face their housing problem by themselves’ (Nascimento, 1990:2). This article addresses itself to the notion of ‘housing as a process’: the people come together to build and manage their own housing through appropriate organisations and affordable methods and technologies. Vila S.o Jorge, Belo Horizonte, one of the favelas found in the major cities of Brazil, was chosen as a study case of experiences of community participation. The urban development in Belo Horizonte Belo Horizonte was the first planned Brazilian city which was created in 1897, as the new Capital of Minas Gerais State, in order to receive a population of 200,000 people. The city, situated in a hilly area, grew on the basis of a ‘grid scheme’ of wide avenues crossed at right angles by streets. Although many macro-scale modifications were made during the 1940s the original plan did not allow for the rapid urbanization process. The political decline of Rio, as a result of the removal of the Capital function to Brasília, the improvement of inter-city road networks and the creation of an industrial and commercial centre in Belo Horizonte, as part of the modernization process of the Brazilian interior, have been responsible for its rapid progress. Between 1960 and 1970 the population of Belo Horizonte grew by 78% making it the second fastest growing city of over one million in the world (Gardner, 1972:81). In the year 2000, Belo Horizonte had a population of 2,232,000 people (IBGE, 2001). There is obviously a link between population growth and availability of resources: where land and urban services are under stress – in absolute terms or because of poor management – the impact of additional people can be directly negative.‘… The growth of big city populations has meant that the demand for mass housing has far exceeded supply. However, the greater absolute size of demand and the failure of planning – or other measures – to cope with this has resulted in the widespread adoption of self-help solutions to housing shortage’ (Cunningham, 1980:192-93). In the case of Belo Horizonte, the settlements spread further and further up the illegal land from its hillsides. The community movement in Vila S.o Jorge Vila S.o Jorge is located in the south-west of Belo Horizonte near a middle-class area. The starting-point of Vila S.o Jorge was the land invasion in 1920s.A group, removed from an elite area to be urbanized, built the initial nucleus. In the beginning everybody planted trees making the favela their little farm, but as more people arrived who were also unable to pay the high rents in the city, the trees gave space to land invasion. The settlements are located in an undulating topographical area around 100,000 square metres which has in some sectors slopes from 20% /30% to more than 47% from the horizontal. The favela occupies 85% of public area and 15% of private area, with a population of 4,015 people and 917 dwellings (Casa do Movimento Popular, 2001:n.p.). The housing conditions were quite poor: predominance of huts and。