被动语态的翻译被动语态的翻译——翻译的基础知识与技巧（三）1 教学内容教学内容n n1、英语中常用被动语态的情况n n2、汉语中被动意义的表现方式n n3、英语被动语态的翻译2 n nWhen the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.3 n nWhen the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.4 n一、被动语态在英语中的运用一、被动语态在英语中的运用 被动语态的广泛使用是英语区别于汉语的一大特点。
这一特点在科技英语语体中反映得尤为突出这不仅是因为被动结构比主动结构更少主观色彩，结构更简单，还因为有不必、不愿或无从说出施动者等情况的存在5 n n1 1、不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是、不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁例如： Such books are written for children. We haven’t been told about it. The English evening has been put off till Saturday.6 n n2、出于礼貌措辞等方面考虑不愿说出动作的执行者是谁例如： You are requested to give a performance. It is generally considered not advisable to act that way.7 n n3、无从说出施动者是谁例如： You’re wanted on the phone. The problem is being studied. Rice is chiefly grown in the south.8 n n4、为了便于上下衔接。
例如： He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. Jack fought John in the men’s singles last night and was beaten.9 n n5、为了突出谈话的中心例如： The song was composed by a French musician. The program was designed by ourselves.10 二、汉语被动意义的表达方式二、汉语被动意义的表达方式uu用词汇的手段来表现被动意义用词汇的手段来表现被动意义例如：例如：1 1、、““为为””字结构字结构 ““茅屋为秋风所破茅屋为秋风所破””2 2、、““被被””字式字式————不幸语态不幸语态 “ “被捕被捕””，， ““被剥削被剥削””，，““被压迫被压迫””，，““被杀被杀””3 3、、““让让””、、””给给””、、””叫叫””、、““挨挨””、、““受受””、、““遭遭””、、““蒙蒙””庄稼庄稼让让大水冲跑了。
大水冲跑了The crops were washed away by the flood.The crops were washed away by the flood.叫叫你猜对了你猜对了You’ve guessed right.You’ve guessed right.11 4 4、、““是是…………的的” ” 表示静态的句子表示静态的句子 这些这些产品产品是是我国制造的我国制造的5 5、、““…………的是的是” ” 推荐我的是一位教授推荐我的是一位教授6 6、、““…………加以加以/ /予以予以””组成倒置的宾语结组成倒置的宾语结构构 这个问题将在下一章这个问题将在下一章加以加以讨论12 ◆◆用词序手段来表现被动意义用词序手段来表现被动意义1 1、受事者、受事者————动词动词困难困难克服了，克服了，工作工作完成了，完成了，问题问题也解决了也解决了2 2、受事着、受事着————施事者施事者————动词动词我们在这里所讲的话，人们不会长久地记我们在这里所讲的话，人们不会长久地记住13 三、翻译方法三、翻译方法uu翻译成汉语的主动句翻译成汉语的主动句 1 1、、 “ “加以加以””, “, “经过经过””, “, “用用…………来来” ” 2 2、增补泛指性的词语、增补泛指性的词语( (人们人们, ,大家等大家等) )作主语作主语3 3、主语译成宾语、主语译成宾语4 4、翻译成汉语的无主句、翻译成汉语的无主句5 5、翻译成带、翻译成带““是是…………的的””的主动句的主动句uu译成汉语的被动句译成汉语的被动句1 1、汉语句中有、汉语句中有““被被””、、““受受””、、““挨挨””、、““遭遭受受””等词等词2 2、译成、译成““为为…………所所””的结构的结构 uu译成译成““把把””、、““使使””和和““由由””字句字句 14 uu翻译成汉语的主动句翻译成汉语的主动句 1.1.1.1. “ “加以加以””, “, “经过经过””, “, “用用…………来来” ” ，，““可以用来可以用来””l lPerfumes may be made from the oils of certain flowers. Soaps are made from vegetable and animal oils. 有些花儿产生的油可以用来制造香水。
植物油和动物油还可以用来制作肥皂l lNuclear power's danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation. 核能对健康、安全, 甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词—辐射来概括 15 2.2.增补泛指性的词语增补泛指性的词语( (人们人们, ,大家等大家等) )作主语作主语It is generally accepted that the experiencesIt is generally accepted that the experiencesof the child in his first years largely determine of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality. his character and later personality. 人们普遍认为人们普遍认为 孩子们的早年经历在很大程度孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了上决定了他们的性格及其未来的性格及其未来的人品。
的人品 16 It could be argued that the radio performs thisservice as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real. 可能有人会指出可能有人会指出, , 无线电广播同样也能做到这一点, 但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多 17 n nIt is asserted that … 有人主张 …… It is believed that … 有人认为…… It is generally considered that … 大家(一般人)认为 It is well known that … 大家知道(众所周知)…… It will be said … 有人会说…… It was told that … 有人曾经说…… 18 3.3.主语译成宾语主语译成宾语By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives. 这个组织拯救了八百人， 大战结束时, 但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的（但二百多比利时人和法国人却为此付出了生命代价二百多比利时人和法国人却为此付出了生命代价) )。
19 4. 4.翻译成汉语的无主句翻译成汉语的无主句 Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit of smoking. 应该尽最大努力告诫年轻人吸烟的危害, 特别是吸上瘾后的可怕后果 20 New source of energy must be found, and this will take time…. It is hoped that … 希望…… It is reported that … 据报道…… It is said that … 据说…… It is supposed that … 据推测…… It may be said without fear of exaggeration that … 可以毫不夸张地说…… It must be admitted that … 必须承认…… It must be pointed out that … 必须指出…… It will be seen from this that … 由此可见…… 21 5. 翻译成带“是……的”的主动句The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。
In the old society，women were looked down upon. 在旧社会，妇女们是受歧视的 22 uu译成汉语的被动结构 “被”, “给”, “遭”, “挨”, “为……所”, “使”, “由…”, “受到”等表示Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by Man. 地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的 The window pane was broken by the child. 窗玻璃被这小孩打碎了 23 I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card. 我为这些话所深深感动，后来我就把它们写在圣诞卡上了 24 uu译成译成“把把”、、“使使”和和“由由”字句字句 The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire. 大火把这家著名的旅馆几乎全部毁坏 The plan is going to be examined first by the research group。
计划将先由研究小组加以研究 25 n nMicrosoft chairman Bill Gates is inundated with up to four million e-mails a day - most of them junk. 微软总裁比尔·盖茨现在每天都被淹没在多达四百万封电子邮件中，其中绝大多数都是垃圾邮件 inundate : to cover with water, especially floodwaters（淹没）26 n nThe English language is being destroyed by a "deadly virus of management speak" which has infected the mouths and minds of politicians like Tony Blair and George W. Bush, a leading UK journalist said recently. 最近，一位英国资深记者说，英语正在遭到一种“官腔语言的致命病毒”的侵害，这种病毒已经感染了许多政治家的谈吐和思想，其中包括托尼·布莱尔和乔治·布什。
27 n nPalestinian Authority President Yasser Arafat, 75, the leader who passionately sought a homeland for his people but was seen by many Israelis as a ruthless terrorist and a roadblock to peace, died early Thursday in Paris. 75岁的巴勒斯坦民族权力机构主席阿拉法特于本周四（11月11日）凌晨逝世他用满腔热血为巴勒斯坦人民寻找一个家园，但很多以色列人却把他视为冷酷无情的恐怖分子和通往和平的路障 28 n nArafat had been sick with an unknown illness that had been variously described as the flu, a stomach virus or gallstones. 阿拉法特一直身患某种不知名的疾病，关于他的症状有多种描述：流感、胃病毒感染和胆结石等 29 n nIn 1994, Arafat was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, along with Israeli leaders Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres, for their work on the Oslo accords, seen at the time as a breakthrough toward an independent Palestinian state and a permanent peace with Israel. 1994年，阿拉法特和以色列领导人伊扎克·拉宾和希蒙·佩雷斯共同获得了诺贝尔奖，他们为签署“奥斯陆协议”所做的努力在当时被视作通往一个独立的巴勒斯坦国、实现巴以永久和平的“重大突破” 30 n nIn the factory, productivity has been increased by over 50 percent. The management intends to apply these same methods to office staff in order to reduce costs. n n现在，我厂的生产率已经提高了百分之五十以上。
经理部（管理部门）拟在办公室职工中开展同样的查制度以降低成本31 n nAll suggestions should be sent to the Managing Director's office before the end of next month.n n请予下月底前将建议提交总经理办公室32 小结：被动语态的翻译小结：被动语态的翻译uu翻译成汉语的主动句 1 1、、 “ “加以加以” ”, “, “经过经过” ”, “, “用用…………来来” ” 2 2、增补泛指性的词语、增补泛指性的词语( (人们人们, ,大家等大家等) )作主语作主语3 3、主语译成宾语、主语译成宾语4 4、翻译成汉语的无主句、翻译成汉语的无主句5 5、翻译成带、翻译成带“ “是是…………的的” ”的主动句的主动句uu译成汉语的被动句1 1、汉语句中有、汉语句中有“ “被被” ”、、“ “受受” ”、、“ “挨挨” ”、、“ “遭遭受受” ”等词等词2 2、译成、译成“ “为为…………所所” ”的结构的结构 uu译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句 33 练习练习n n课堂练习n n课后练习：教材第62页练习三34 n nWhen the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. 1The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.n n提示：提示：crude oil: crude oil: 原油原油 condense: condense: 浓缩浓缩 refinery: place where oil is refinedrefinery: place where oil is refined paraffin: paraffin:煤油煤油 lubricate:lubricate:给给…………润滑润滑 35 参考译文参考译文n n油田油田打出原油以后，便送到炼油厂去处理。
打出原油以后，便送到炼油厂去处理n n最普通的处理办法是加热石油最普通的处理办法是加热石油经过经过加热，最先加热，最先冒出来的蒸气冷却后就是质量最高的汽油冒出来的蒸气冷却后就是质量最高的汽油n n汽油的沸点低，汽油的沸点低，倒一点在手上倒一点在手上，很快就挥发了很快就挥发了n n随后从石油分离出来的气体可以浓缩成煤油最随后从石油分离出来的气体可以浓缩成煤油最后产生的是各种等级的润滑油剩下的便是重油，后产生的是各种等级的润滑油剩下的便是重油，可以用作燃料可以用作燃料庄译传：庄译传：P168P168）） 36 The Endn nThank you for listening! Goodbye!37 。