U1 An Introduction to Educational PsychologyKEY WORDSTreatment治疗Negative correlation负相关Variables变量Uncorrelated不相关Laboratory实验室DescriptiveResearches描述研究Internal validity内部效度Action research行为研究External validity外部效度Correlational study相关性研究Control group对照组Qualitative researches定性研究Quantitativeresearches定量研究Positive correlation正相关Questions1. Why is educational psychology valuable for teachers为什么教育心理学对教师来说有价值Because according the educational psychology, teacher can make decisions better. It provided teachers a language to discuss our experiences and thinking.2. Generally speaking, what is educational psychology concerned about一般来说，教育心理学关注的是什么The study of1. Learnersthe nature of students2. Learningprinciples of learning3. Teachingmethods of teachingU2 How Piaget View Developmentschemes格式conservation守恒adaptation适应centration自我中心化assimilation同化reversibility可逆性accommodation顺应reflexes反射Cognitive structure认知结构论Equilibration平衡1. To Piaget, how did one develop cognitively2. Knowledge comes from action.知识来自行动。
3. Development depends on child ’s manipulation and active interaction with the environment. 发展取决于孩子的行为以及环境的相互作用4. A child ’s cognitive abilities progress through four distinct stages.Each stage is characterized by the emergence of new abilities and ways of processing information.孩子的认知能力经过四个阶段的发展，每一个阶段的特点是新的能力和方法的出现2. According to Piaget ’s theory, what is the best way to treat a child1. To know the process children use to get to the answer is as important as the result.知道孩子学习的过程和结果一样重要2. Children ’s self-initiated, active involvement in learning activities is crucial to their recognition. 孩子自己发现，积极参与学习活动对他们的认知发展极为重要。
3. Premature education is not necessary for children.过早的学习对孩子来说是没有必要的4. Children develop at the same sequence but different rates, so individuals and small group activities should be properly arranged in class.孩子成长按照相同的程序但是不同的速度，所以课堂活动安排要合理3. How can learning happen according to PiagetAccording to piaget , learning depends on this process of assimilation and accommodation.Assimilation —— understanding new experiences in terms of existing schemes.Accommodationmodifying existing schemes to fit new situations.U3 How Vygotsky View Cognitive Developmentsign system符号系统ZPD最近发展期self-regulation 自我调节scaffolding支架教学1. To Vygotsky, how did one develop cognitively1. Development depends on the sign systems that individuals grow up with.2. Cognitive development is strongly linked to input from others. It is a process of learning from others and internalizing.3. According to Vygotsky ’s theory, what is the best way to treat a child1. Reading is very important in children ’s intellectual development;阅读对孩子智力发展十分重要2. Imitation and cooperation is efficient ways in children ’s study;模仿和合作是孩子学习的有效方式3. Teaching is finding the proper ZPD of children;找到孩子的最近发展期4. Encourage private speeches during solving tasks;解决问题时鼓励自言自语5. Teach the way of doing things in order that students can know how to do, not only what to do.教会学生如何去做而不是做什么4. How can learning happen according to VygotskyLearning depends on the process of self-regulationAction and sound have a meaningPracticeUsing signs to think and solve problemTOPIC 4 Theory into Practice1. Make a brief comparison between Piaget 's and Vygotsky's theories.Where do they agree with each other1. Children are active.2. Trial-and-error is always a way to learn.3. Facing challenges will improve one s development.4. Developing is to improve one s ways of thinking & solving problems.Where are they different1. Development depends on interaction with the environment or more competent human beings.2. Learning improves or DEPENDS ON development.3. Cognitive structure or sign systems.4. Development begins from born ability or society.5. Assimilation & accommodation or internalization.What is in it for US1. Development is independent. Nobody can take the place of another.2. Active interaction with others is the main cause.3. Adults can help children in 2 ways: giving them chances to try & handle errors; and helping them when they really need (ZPD).2. What can we do in class teaching according to their theory1. It is not a good idea to get your kids to sit and listen except reading.2. Making chances to get your kids to do something by themselves is always helpful.3. Give your kids tasks individually or in small groups if you can. It is a proper way to find their ZPD where learning happens.4. Try to give opportunities for your kids to talk in which you will find out when and how to help(scaffolding).3. When planning to teach, what should we consider according to their ideas1. What can the kids do with their hands2. What have they known about my content3. Can I make the content into tasks for small groups4. What abilities of the kids can I。