句子成分 英语的基本成分有八种：英语的基本成分有八种： 主语（主语（subject）） 谓语（谓语（predicate）） 宾语（宾语（object）） 表语（表语（predicative）） 定语（定语（attribute）） 状语状语 (adverbial) 补足语补足语 (complement）） 同位语（同位语（appositive）） 主语主语：：是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面或情态动词后面v1) Mr. Lee is a well-known scientist.v2) He reads newspapers everyday.v3) What we shall do next is not yet decided. 谓语谓语: 说明主语的动作或所处的状态。
说明主语的动作或所处的状态 谓语谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词或谓语动词(predicate verb) 的位置一般的位置一般在主语之后谓语由在主语之后谓语由简单动词简单动词或或动词短语动词短语（助动词或（助动词或情态动词＋主要动词）构成情态动词＋主要动词）构成 v1) The new term begins on the 1st of September.v2) I would like to invite all my friends here. v5) He is working in the garden. 表语表语：：是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词( (如如be,become)be,become)之后，之后，与系动词一起构成复合谓语，说明主语的身份，特征，属性或与系动词一起构成复合谓语，说明主语的身份，特征，属性或状态等单词、短语或从句均可充当表语单词、短语或从句均可充当表语v1)Wang’s father is a doctor. （名词）（名词）v2) He is always careless. （形容词）（形容词）v3) The basketball match is on. （副词）（副词）v4) All the pupils are on the playground now. （介词短语）（介词短语） 宾语宾语: :表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词或介词后面或介词后面. .v1) Wang Ling give me a book to read in the bus.（双宾语）（双宾语）v2) The medicine is good for this boy.v3) Do you understand what I mean? 定语定语: :是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用子，汉语中常用‘……‘……的的’’表示。
表示 vMary is a chemistry teacher.（名词作定语）（名词作定语） vHe is our friend. （代词作定语）（代词作定语） vHe was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词作定语）（形容词作定语）vThe man over there is my old friend. (副词副词作定语作定语) 状语状语：：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明说明方式、方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等 1)She sings quite well. （副词）（副词）2)On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. （介词短语）（介词短语）3)Arriving there, call me up. 4)The boy needs a pen to do his homework. 5)He is very handsome. 补足语补足语：：用来补充说明宾语或主语的性质、状用来补充说明宾语或主语的性质、状态。
分为宾补和主补分为宾补和主补v主补：对主语的补充主补：对主语的补充 He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. 宾语补足语宾语补足语: :在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作, ,状状态态, ,特征特征. .vWe elected him monitor. （名词作宾补）（名词作宾补） vWe will make them happy. （形容词作宾补）（形容词作宾补） vWe found nobody in. ( 副词作宾补副词作宾补)vPlease make yourself at home. （介词短语作宾补）（介词短语作宾补）vDon’t let him do that. （省（省to不定式名词作宾补）不定式名词作宾补）vHis father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. v（带（带to不定式名词作宾补）不定式名词作宾补）vDon’t keep the fire burning. （现在分词名词作宾（现在分词名词作宾补）补） vI’ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词名词作宾补）（过去分词名词作宾补） v同位语同位语 是在名词或代词之后是在名词或代词之后,对其作进一步解释或对其作进一步解释或说明，在语法上处于同等地位。
名词、代词、数词、说明，在语法上处于同等地位名词、代词、数词、和从句等均可作同位语如：和从句等均可作同位语如：We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）We all are students. (all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）The news that we’re having a holiday tomorrow is true. （从句作同位语） 英英语句子的基本句子的基本结构可以构可以归纳成五种成五种基本句型及其基本句型及其扩大、大、组合、省略或倒装合、省略或倒装掌握这五种基本句型掌握这五种基本句型, 是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础一一: ＳＳ ＶＶ (主＋主＋谓)二二: ＳＳ ＶＶ ＰＰ (主＋系＋表主＋系＋表)三三: ＳＳ ＶＶ ＯＯ (主＋主＋谓＋＋宾)四四: ＳＳ ＶＶ ｏｏ ＯＯ (主＋主＋谓＋＋间宾＋直＋直宾)五五: ＳＳ ＶＶ ＯＯ ＣＣ (主＋主＋谓＋＋宾＋＋宾补) 基本句型基本句型 一一: :ＳＶＳＶ( (主＋主＋谓) )主语主语: 可以作主语的成分有名词可以作主语的成分有名词, 主格代词主格代词, 动词不定式动词不定式, 动名词等等。
主语一般在句首动名词等等主语一般在句首谓语谓语: 谓语由动词构成谓语由动词构成, 是英语时态、语态是英语时态、语态变化的主角变化的主角, 一般在主语之后不及物动词一般在主语之后不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语没有宾语, 形成主谓结构形成主谓结构如如: We come. ＳＳ││ＶＶ( (不及物不及物动词) )1. The sun│rose. 2. Who │cares? 3. What he said │does not matter. 4. They │talked for half an hour. 5. The pen │writes smoothly此句型的句子有一个此句型的句子有一个共同特点共同特点, 即句子的谓语即句子的谓语动词动词都能表达完整的意思这类动词叫做都能表达完整的意思这类动词叫做不及物动词不及物动词，，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等 主语主语可有修饰语可有修饰语-定语定语，，谓语谓语可有修饰语可有修饰语-状语状语如如: 1. The red sun rises in the east.2. So they had to travel by air or boat.3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus.4. She sat there alone, reading a novel.5. He came back when we were eating.6.Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but strong ones may stay up. 基本句型二基本句型二: :ＳＶＰＳＶＰ( (主＋系＋表主＋系＋表) )此句型的句子有一个共同的特点此句型的句子有一个共同的特点: 句子句子谓语谓语动词动词都不能表达一个完整的意思都不能表达一个完整的意思, 必须加上必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语谓语, 才能表达完整的意思。
这类才能表达完整的意思这类动词动词叫做叫做连系动词连系动词 系系动词分两分两类: be, look, keep, seem等等, 表情况表情况; get, grow, become, turn等属另一等属另一类, 表表变化be 本身没有什么意本身没有什么意义, 只起只起连系主系主语和表和表语的的作用其它系作用其它系动词仍保持其部分仍保持其部分词义感官感官动词多可用作多可用作连系系动词: look well/面色好面色好, sound nice/听起来不听起来不错, feel good/感感觉好好, smell bad/难闻 ＳＳ││ＶＶ( (是系是系动词)│ )│ ＰＰ( (表表语) ) 1. This│is│an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner│smells│good. 3. He│fell│in love. 4. Everything│looks│different. 5. He│is growing│tall and strong. 6. Our well│has gone│dry. 7. His face│turned│red. *There be 结构构: There be 表示表示‘存在有存在有’。
这里的里的there没有没有实际意意义, 不可与副不可与副词‘there那里那里’混淆 此此结构后跟名构后跟名词, 表示表示“(存在存在)有某事物有某事物”试比比较: There is a boy there. (那儿有一个男孩那儿有一个男孩)前一个前一个there无无实意意, 后一个后一个there为副副词‘那里那里’ 系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语，用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语，系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语 一、系动词的分类：一、系动词的分类：一、系动词的分类：一、系动词的分类： 常见的系动词大致可分为三类 常见的系动词大致可分为三类 常见的系动词大致可分为三类 常见的系动词大致可分为三类 第第一一类类：：表表示示特特征征或或状状态态的的，，有有bebe，， looklook，， feelfeel，， seemseem，， appearappear，， smellsmell，， tastetaste，， soundsound，， turn out turn out（结果是、证明是）等。
结果是、证明是）等 You’ll be all right soon. You’ll be all right soon. You don’t look very well. You don’t look very well. I feel rather cold.I feel rather cold. He seems to be ill. He seems to be ill. It appears that he is unhappy. It appears that he is unhappy. The roses smell sweet. The roses smell sweet. The mixture tasted horrible. The mixture tasted horrible. How sweet the music sounds! How sweet the music sounds! The day turned out (to be) a fine one.The day turned out (to be) a fine one. 第第二二类类：：表表示示从从一一种种状状态态到到另另一一种种状状态态的的变变化化，，有有become，， get，， grow，， turn，， fall，， go，， come，， run等。
等 He became a world-famous scientist. It is getting warmer and warmer. It grew dark. The food has turned bad. 第第三三类类：：表表示示保保持持状状态态的的，，有有keepkeep，， remainremain，， continuecontinue，，staystay等等 Keep quiet, children! Keep quiet, children! The The weather weather continued continued fine fine for for a a long long time. time. It remains to be proved.It remains to be proved. 系系动动词词后后的的表表语语可可以以是是名名词词、、代代词词、、数数词词、、形形容容词词、、分分词词、、动动名名词词、、不不定定式式、、副副词词、、介介词词短短语语、、词词组组、、从句，系动词从句，系动词bebe可用于上述所有情况。
可用于上述所有情况 The news was surprising.（分词） （分词） His job is teaching English.（动名词） （动名词） The only method is to give the child more help.（不定式）（不定式） I must be off now.（副词）（副词） The bridge is under construction.（介词短语）（介词短语） That would be a great weight off my mind.（词组）（词组） This is why he was late.（从句）（从句） 所有的系动词都可接形容词作表语，此处略举数例所有的系动词都可接形容词作表语，此处略举数例 Our future will be beautiful. She looks unhappy today. Do you feel cold？？ You seem/appear ill. The food tastes delicious. The weather is turning/ growing/ becoming/ getting cold. He often went hungry. 3.3.能能用用不不定定式式作作表表语语的的系系动动词词有有：：appearappear，， seemseem，， get get，， prove prove，， remain remain，， turn out turn out等。
等 She appears/ seems to be very young. She appears/ seems to be very young. He appears/ seems to have caught cold. He appears/ seems to have caught cold. They got to be friendsThey got to be friends The meeting turned out to be successful. The meeting turned out to be successful. The theory proved to be right. The theory proved to be right. Much remains to be done. Much remains to be done. 4. 4. 能能接接从从句句的的有有：：bebe，， seemseem，， appearappear，， soundsound，， look look等。
等 That’s why he fell ill.That’s why he fell ill. My idea is that we should help him.My idea is that we should help him. It It seems/ seems/ appears appears to to me me that that something something is is wrong. wrong. It It sounds sounds to to me me as as if if someone someone were were trying trying to to get into the house. get into the house. Your voice sounds as if you had a cold.Your voice sounds as if you had a cold.It looks as if it is going to rain.It looks as if it is going to rain. 5. 5. 能能接接介介词词短短语语的的有有：：bebe，， feelfeel，， looklook，， soundsound，， taste taste，，remainremain等。
等 bebe是是特特别别活活跃跃的的系系动动词词，，其其后后可可接接很很多多介介词词短短语作表语语作表语 He He is is at at home/ home/ in in the the library/ library/ on on the the way home/ on holiday.way home/ on holiday. They are on duty/ on strike/ on leave. They are on duty/ on strike/ on leave. The road is under repair.The road is under repair. 其他系动词能和介词搭配的范围很小如：其他系动词能和介词搭配的范围很小如： It feels like a rain.It feels like a rain. It looks like a rain. It looks like a rain. It It sounds sounds like like a a train train going going under under my my room. room. It tastes of apples.It tastes of apples.（这有苹果的味道。
这有苹果的味道 The concert remains in my memory. The concert remains in my memory. 6. 6. 能能接接分分词词的的系系动动词词有有：：bebe，， becomebecome，， getget，， growgrow，， seem seem，， appear appear等 His His report report was was surprising/ surprising/ disappointing/delighting/moving/ disappointing/delighting/moving/ astonishing… astonishing… The The boy boy was was moved/delighted/surprised/ moved/delighted/surprised/ disappointed/astonisheddisappointed/astonished He He has has become/ become/ got/ got/ grown/ grown/ interested interested in in modern physicsmodern physics。
He seems/ appears drunkHe seems/ appears drunk 系系动动词词后后还还可可接接代代词词、、数数词词、、动动名名词词、、副副词词及及其其词词组组，，基基本本都都是是bebe的的用用法法其其他他系系动动词词几几乎乎不能这样用或很少这样用不能这样用或很少这样用page43 一一. .纵纵观观历历年年的的高高考考题题，，对对系系动动词词的的考考查查一一直直是是高高考考中中非非常常重重要要的的热热点点之之一一，，对对于于考考生生来来说说也也是是难难点点所在高高考考对对系系动动词词考考查查的的覆覆盖盖面面广广，，涉涉及及的的系系动动词词较较多多，，重重点点考考查查的的是是 get get ，，其其次次是是 feel feel 和和 remain remain ，，考查的难度在逐年增大考查的难度在逐年增大 二二 . 对表示状态变化的系动词的考查对表示状态变化的系动词的考查 英语中常见的表示状态变化的系动词有英语中常见的表示状态变化的系动词有 get ，， turn ，， turn out （结果是（结果是……），）， go ，， come （成为），（成为）， fall ，， become 等。
等 1. 1. 对对 get get 的考查的考查 get get 表表示示状状态态的的改改变变，，意意为为““变变成成，，变变得得，，做做成成””，，它它后后面面可可以以接接形形容容词词、、 v-ing v-ing 形形式式、、过过去去分词等 ① ① Sarah, Sarah, hurry hurry up. up. I'm I'm afraid afraid you you won't won't have time to _____ before the party. have time to _____ before the party. A. get changed B. get change A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change C. get changing D. get to change ② ② Be Be careful careful when when you you cross cross this this very very busy busy street, street, if if not, not, you you may may _____ _____ run run over over by by a a car. car. A. have B. get C. become D. turn A. have B. get C. become D. turn ③ ③ As As we we joined joined the the big big crowd crowd I I got got _____ _____ from my friends. from my friends. A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missedA. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed 分析：例分析：例分析：例分析：例①②③①②③①②③①②③中考查的是中考查的是中考查的是中考查的是“ get “ get ＋过去分词＋过去分词＋过去分词＋过去分词” ”构成构成构成构成的系表结构。
例的系表结构例的系表结构例的系表结构例①①①① get changed get changed 意为意为意为意为“ “换衣服换衣服换衣服换衣服” ”，例，例，例，例②②②② get run over get run over 意为意为意为意为“ “碾过，压过碾过，压过碾过，压过碾过，压过” ”，例，例，例，例③③③③ get get separated separated 意思是意思是意思是意思是“ “冲散，分离冲散，分离冲散，分离冲散，分离” ”，所以正确答案分，所以正确答案分，所以正确答案分，所以正确答案分别是别是别是别是 A A 、、、、 B B 、、、、 B B 2. 2. 对对 go go 的考查的考查 系系动动词词 go go 的的意意义义是是““变变成成，，成成为为””，，后后多多跟跟形形容容词词，，如如 go go bad, bad, go go mad, mad, go go wrong, wrong, go go hungry, go sour hungry, go sour 等例如：等例如： On On hearing hearing the the news news of of the the accident accident in in coal mine, she ______ pale. coal mine, she ______ pale. A. got B. changed C. went D. appeared A. got B. changed C. went D. appeared 分析：该题考查的是分析：该题考查的是“ go+adj. ”系表结构。
系表结构 got 和和 changed 不能与不能与 pale 搭配起来表达这搭配起来表达这一状态的变化，而一状态的变化，而 appeared 是表示状态存在是表示状态存在的系动词所以正确答案是的系动词所以正确答案是 C 3. 3. 3. 3. 对对对对 fall fall fall fall 的考查的考查的考查的考查 系系系系动动动动词词词词 fall fall fall fall 表表表表示示示示““““（（（（不不不不知知知知不不不不觉觉觉觉地地地地或或或或突突突突然然然然地地地地））））进进进进入入入入……………………状状状状态态态态””””，，，，后后后后常常常常跟跟跟跟形形形形容容容容词词词词、、、、副副副副词词词词或或或或介介介介词词词词短短短短语语语语等等等等，，，，如如如如：：：： fall fall fall fall ill ill ill ill （（（（生生生生病病病病）））），，，， fall fall fall fall apart apart apart apart （（（（散散散散开开开开）））），，，， fall fall fall fall asleep, asleep, asleep, asleep, fall into a deep sleep fall into a deep sleep fall into a deep sleep fall into a deep sleep （睡熟）。
睡熟）例如：例如： As As she she ____ ____ the the newspaper, newspaper, Granny Granny ______ ______ asleep. asleep. A.read; was falling B. was reading; fell A.read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read; fell 分析：该题第二空考查的是系动词分析：该题第二空考查的是系动词“ fall+adj. ”结构，结构， fall asleep 是短暂性动词短语，不能用于是短暂性动词短语，不能用于进行时态，故正确答案是进行时态，故正确答案是 B 句意是“她读报她读报时，奶奶睡着了时，奶奶睡着了 三三 . . 对表示状态存在的系动词的考查对表示状态存在的系动词的考查 常常常常见见见见的的的的有有有有 be, be, be, be, seem, seem, seem, seem, appear, appear, appear, appear, look, look, look, look, feel, feel, feel, feel, smell, smell, smell, smell, sound, sound, sound, sound, keep, keep, keep, keep, taste, taste, taste, taste, remain, remain, remain, remain, prove, prove, prove, prove, stay, stay, stay, stay, lie lie lie lie （（（（处处处处于某种状态），于某种状态），于某种状态），于某种状态）， stand stand stand stand （处于某种状态）等。
处于某种状态）等处于某种状态）等处于某种状态）等 1. 1. 1. 1. 对对对对 remain remain remain remain 的考查的考查的考查的考查 系系系系动动动动词词词词 remain remain remain remain 的的的的意意意意思思思思是是是是““““保保保保持持持持，，，，继继继继续续续续，，，，依依依依然然然然不不不不变变变变””””，，，，后常接名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式等后常接名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式等后常接名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式等后常接名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式等 ① ① Having Having a a trip trip abroad abroad is is certainly certainly good good for for the the old old couple, couple, but but it it remains remains _____ _____ whether they will enjoy it. whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C.seeing D. seenA. to see B. to be seen C.seeing D. seen ② ② Although Although he he has has taken taken a a lot lot of of medicine, medicine, his health ______ poor. his health ______ poor. A. proves B. remainsA. proves B. remainsC. maintains D. continues C. maintains D. continues 分析：例分析：例①①中的中的 remain 是个半系动词，是个半系动词，“有待被看，证实有待被看，证实”，所以应用不定式的被动，所以应用不定式的被动式，故答案是式，故答案是 B 。
例例②②中中 remain poor 意为意为“仍然很差仍然很差”，， maintain 意为意为“维持，保持，维持，保持，继续继续”，不与形容词，不与形容词 poor 连用，所以正确答连用，所以正确答案是案是 B 2. 2. 对对 stay stay 的考查的考查 stay stay 意意为为““保保持持原原状状，，维维持持””，，后后面面可可以以接接形形容词、副词、介词短语、名词等容词、副词、介词短语、名词等 ① The weather has ① The weather has stayed stayed warm all week. warm all week. ② ② Why Why don't don't you you put put the the meat meat in in the the fridge? fridge? It It will will ______ ______ fresh fresh for for several several days. days. A. be stayed B. stay A. be stayed B. stay C. be staying D. have stayed C. be staying D. have stayed 分析：该题考查的是系动词分析：该题考查的是系动词 stay 后接形容词后接形容词（（ fresh ）的系表结构，它表示一种存在的状）的系表结构，它表示一种存在的状态，主动形式表示被动意义，这种结构一般不态，主动形式表示被动意义，这种结构一般不能用于进行时态，所以正确答案是能用于进行时态，所以正确答案是 B 。
3. 3. 对对 appear appear 的考查的考查 appear appear 的的含含义义是是““似似乎乎，，好好像像，，看看来来（（如如关关于于某某人人的的性性格格、、感感情情或或意意图图））””，，此此时时不不用用进进行行式式，，后接形容词、名词、动词不定式等后接形容词、名词、动词不定式等 ① ① She She appeared appeared rather rather upset upset about about something. something. 看来有些什么事使她心烦看来有些什么事使她心烦 ② ② Do Do let let your your mother mother know know all all the the truth. truth. She She appears appears _______ _______ everything. everything. （（上上海海 2001 2001 ）） A. to tell B. to be told A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told C. to be telling D. to have been told 分析：句意是分析：句意是““一定要把一切真相告诉你妈妈。
她一定要把一切真相告诉你妈妈她看上去已经知道一切事情看上去已经知道一切事情句中句中 tell tell 后面没有后面没有宾语，故用不定式的被动式，又因为宾语，故用不定式的被动式，又因为““知道一切知道一切””发生在发生在““告诉真相告诉真相””之前，要用完成式所以正确之前，要用完成式所以正确答案是答案是 D D 4. 对对 feel 的考查的考查 feel 的意思是的意思是“感觉是，似乎感觉是，似乎”，后常接形容词、，后常接形容词、副词、介词短语等副词、介词短语等 ①① I love to go to the seaside in summer. It _____ good to lie in the sun or swim in the cool sea. A. does B. feels C. gets D. makes ② --- Do you like the material? ② --- Do you like the material? --- Yes, it ______ very soft.--- Yes, it ______ very soft. A.is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is felt A.is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is felt 分析：这两道考题考查的是分析：这两道考题考查的是“ fell+adj. ”的系表的系表结构。
例结构例①①中中 feel good 意为意为“感觉舒服感觉舒服”；例；例②② feel soft 意为意为“摸上去软和摸上去软和”，此时，主动结构，此时，主动结构表示被动的含义所以正确答案分别是表示被动的含义所以正确答案分别是 B 和和 C 5. 5. 对系动词对系动词 look look 的考查的考查 look look 有有““看看来来，，显显得得””等等意意，，后后面面常常接接形形容容词词、、介词短语、不定式短语、从句等介词短语、不定式短语、从句等 ① ① The The plan plan looks looks good good on on paper, paper, but but will will it it work? work? 这这个个计计划划从从表表面面上上看看来来不不错错，，但但能能行行得得通通吗吗？？ ② ---You don't look very ___. Are you ill? ② ---You don't look very ___. Are you ill? -- No,I'm just a bit tired.-- No,I'm just a bit tired. A. good B. well C. strong D. healthy A. good B. well C. strong D. healthy 分析：尽管提供的四个备选项都是形容词，分析：尽管提供的四个备选项都是形容词，但但 look well 的意思是的意思是“看上去气色好看上去气色好”，，符合对话的语境，故正确答案是符合对话的语境，故正确答案是 B 。
6. 6. 对对 sound sound 的考查的考查 sound sound 有有““听听起起来来，，令令人人觉觉得得，，似似乎乎””等等含含义义，，后后面面可可以以接接形形容容词词、、名名词词短短语语、、介介词词短短语语、、不不定定式式等 ① ① She She soundssounds to to be be a a very very strange strange woman. woman. 听起来她似乎是一个非常古怪的女人听起来她似乎是一个非常古怪的女人 ② What he said sounds ________ . ② What he said sounds ________ . A. nicely B. pleasantlyA. nicely B. pleasantly C. friendly D. wonderfully C. friendly D. wonderfully 分析：四个选项中只有分析：四个选项中只有分析：四个选项中只有分析：四个选项中只有 friendly friendly 是形容词，可以和是形容词，可以和是形容词，可以和是形容词，可以和 sound sound 连用构成系表结构，其他三项都是副词，只连用构成系表结构，其他三项都是副词，只连用构成系表结构，其他三项都是副词，只连用构成系表结构，其他三项都是副词，只能作状语不能作表语，所以正确答案是能作状语不能作表语，所以正确答案是能作状语不能作表语，所以正确答案是能作状语不能作表语，所以正确答案是 C C 。
7. 7. 对对 taste taste 的考查的考查 taste taste 在在使使用用时时不不用用进进行行时时态态，，含含义义是是““尝尝起起来来，，有有某某种种特特殊殊的的味味道道””，，一一般般接接形形容容词词构构成成系系表表结构 ① ① These These oranges oranges tastetaste nice. nice. 这这些些橙橙子子味味道道很好 ② These oranges taste _____ . ② These oranges taste _____ . A.good B. well C. to be good D. to be well A.good B. well C. to be good D. to be well 分析：分析： taste 是系动词，所以要用形容词是系动词，所以要用形容词 good 作其表语作其表语 well 作形容词时，意思是作形容词时，意思是“健康健康的的”，只能形容人，不能形容物故正确答案，只能形容人，不能形容物故正确答案是是 A 8. 8. 对对对对 smell smell 的考查的考查的考查的考查 smell smell 经常与形容词连用，意思是经常与形容词连用，意思是经常与形容词连用，意思是经常与形容词连用，意思是“ “闻起来，有闻起来，有闻起来，有闻起来，有…………气气气气味，发出味，发出味，发出味，发出…………的气味的气味的气味的气味” ”。
①①①① This book This book smells smells old. old. 这本书有一股霉味这本书有一股霉味这本书有一股霉味这本书有一股霉味 ②②②② We don‘t care if a hunting dog smells ______, but we We don‘t care if a hunting dog smells ______, but we really don’t want him to smell _______ . really don’t want him to smell _______ . A. well; well B. bad; bad C. well; badly D. badly; bad A. well; well B. bad; bad C. well; badly D. badly; bad 分析：第一空前的分析：第一空前的 smell 是不及物动词，意是不及物动词，意为为“嗅，闻，有嗅觉嗅，闻，有嗅觉”，副词，副词 badly 修饰修饰 smells ；而第二空前的；而第二空前的 smell 是系动词，与形是系动词，与形容词容词 bad 构成系表结构。
构成系表结构 答案为答案为D 基本句型基本句型 三三: :ＳＳ ＶＶ ＯＯ ( (主＋主＋谓＋＋宾) )此句型句子的此句型句子的共同特点共同特点是：是：谓语动词都都具有具有实义, 都是主都是主语产生的生的动作作, 但不能但不能表达完整的意思表达完整的意思, 必必须跟有一个跟有一个宾语, 即即动作的承受者作的承受者, 才能使意思完整才能使意思完整这类动词叫做及物叫做及物动词 基本句型基本句型 三：三： ＳＳ ＶＶ ＯＯ （主＋谓＋宾）（主＋谓＋宾）构成宾语的代词必须是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格代词宾格’，如：，如：me，，him，，them等等 ＳＳ │Ｖ（及物动词）Ｖ（及物动词）│ ＯＯ 1. Who │knows │the answer? 谁知道答案？ 2. She │smiled │her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢3. He │has refused │to help them. 他拒绝帮他们4. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜欢看书5. They │ate │what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭6. He │said │"Good morning." 他说："早上好！"7. I │want │to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。
8. He │admits │that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误 基本句型基本句型 四四: :ＳＳ ＶＶ ｏｏ ＯＯ ( (主＋主＋谓＋＋间宾＋直＋直宾) )有些及物有些及物动词可以有两个可以有两个宾语, e.g. give/pass/bring/show这两个两个宾语通常一个通常一个指人指人(间接接宾语); 一个指物一个指物(直接直接宾语)Give me a cup of tea please.--Show this house to Mr. Smith.--Bring it to me, please. ＳＳ││ＶＶ( (及物及物)│)│ｏｏ( (多指人多指人)│)│ＯＯ( (多指物多指物) )1.She│ordered│herself│a new dress. 2.2. He│brought│you│a dictionary. 3. I│showed│him│my pictures. 1.4. I│told│him│that the bus was late. 2.5. He│showed│me│how to run the machine. 用用to侧重指动作的方向，表示侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着朝着，向着，对着某人。
某人用用for 侧重指动作的受益者，侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替表示为了某人，替某人某人常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；等；（需借助（需借助for 的）的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等 巩固练习：巩固练习：1．．Johnson 先生去年教我们德语先生去年教我们德语 2．奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事．奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事 3．请把那本字典递给我好吗？．请把那本字典递给我好吗？ 4．他把车票给列车员看．他把车票给列车员看 Mr Johnson taught us German last year. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. Would you please pass me the dictionary? He showed the ticket to the conductor. 巩固练习：巩固练习： 5．我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？．我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？6．新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。
．新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动7．他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣．他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣 Shall I call you a taxi? The new machine will save you a lot of labour. 7.He bought a new coat for his mother with his first month’s salary. 基本句型基本句型 五五:ＳＳ ＶＶ ＯＯ ＣＣ (主＋主＋谓＋＋宾＋＋宾补)此句型的句子的此句型的句子的共同特点共同特点是是: 动词虽然是及物然是及物动词, 但是只跟一个但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思不能表达完整的意思, 必必须加上加上一个一个补充成分充成分来来补足足宾语, 才能使意思完整才能使意思完整宾语补足足语: 位于位于宾语之后之后对宾语作出作出说明的成分明的成分可以用作可以用作宾语补足语的有名词宾语补足语的有名词, 形容词形容词, 不定式不定式,动名词动名词, 分词分词, 介词短语等介词短语等 说明说明: 此结构由此结构由“主语主语+及物的谓语动词及物的谓语动词+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语”构成。
宾语与宾语补足语之间有构成宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整句意不够完整The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing.You must get your hair cut. 基本句型基本句型 五：五： ＳＳ ＶＶ ＯＯ ＣＣ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补） 英语基本句型英语基本句型6 There be 句型句型 说明：说明： 此句型是由此句型是由“there+be+主语主语+状语状语”构构成，用以表达存在关系可以称成，用以表达存在关系可以称“……有有……” 它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意仅为引导词，并无实际语意 此句型有时不用此句型有时不用be动词，而用动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等如： There stands a hill in the middle of the park. Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town. Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。
如：态和情态变化如： 现在有现在有 there is/are … 过去有过去有 there was/were… 将来有将来有 there will be…；；there is /are going to be... 现在已经有现在已经有 there has/have been… 可能有可能有 there might be... 肯定有肯定有 there must be …/there must have been... 过去曾经有过去曾经有 there used to be … 似乎有似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be … 碰巧有碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be … 巩固练习：巩固练习：1．这个村子过去只有一口井．这个村子过去只有一口井 2．客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人．客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人 3．天气预报说下午有大风．天气预报说下午有大风 4．灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。
．灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人 5．战前这儿一直有家电影院的．战前这儿一直有家电影院的. There was only a well in the village. Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen. The weatherman says there’ll be a strong wind in the afternoon. The light is on. There must be someone in the office. There used to be a cinema here before the war. 巩固练习：巩固练习：6．恰好那时房里没人．恰好那时房里没人 7．从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫．从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫 8．公共汽车来了．公共汽车来了 9．就只剩下二十八美元了．就只剩下二十八美元了 10．铃响了．铃响了 There happened to be nobody in the room. Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. There comes the bus.There remained only twenty –eight dollars. There goes the bell. 但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。
我们称之为： 定语、状语定语、状语 •一、 定语：汉语中常用‘……的’表示通常位于被修饰的成分前若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后副词用作定语时须放在名词之后 形容词形容词作定语：作定语：•The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.）/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔•Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩•数词数词作定语相当于形容词：作定语相当于形容词：•Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔•There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩 •代词或名词所有格代词或名词所有格作定语：作定语：•His boy needs Tom\'s pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔•His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆 •介词短语介词短语作定语：作定语：•The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。
•There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩 •名词名词作定语：作定语：•There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔 •副词副词作定语：作定语：•The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔•不定式不定式作定语：作定语：•There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做 •分词（短语）分词（短语）作定语：作定语：•The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔•There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩 •定语定语从句：从句：•The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔 二、状语：二、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。
状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为： 1)通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首； 2)修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前； 3)表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前； 4)一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前 有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意.如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩（此时in the classroom为girl的定语）;也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’（此时in the classroom为地点状语），最好写做：In the classroom, the boy calls the girl. •副词（短语副词（短语））作状语：作状语：•The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔程度状语）•The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。
宾语较长则状语前置）•The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔程度状语）•The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔时间状语） •介词短语作状语介词短语作状语：In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔地点状语）•Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)•On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语) •分词（短语）作状语分词（短语）作状语：：•He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔表示伴随状态）•Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔原因状语）•Frightened, he sits there soundlessly. （因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。
原因状语） •不定式作目的状语不定式作目的状语：：•To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣. •名词名词作状语：•Come this way!/走这条路！（方向状语） •状语从句：状语从句：•时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句 •三、同位语三、同位语：：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语如：•We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）•We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’） 。