独立主格构造独立主格构造(Independent Genitive)有两部分构成,前一部份是名词或者代词,后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系独立主格构造在句中做状语,多用于书面语 独立主格构造自身不是句子,在句子中作状语,表达时间、因素、条件、随着、目的等具体概述 非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致若不一致,非谓语动词形式须另带主语,从而构成复合构造的形式作状语这种构造称为“独立构造”其中,非谓语动词积极用V-ing,被动用V-ed 非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语,逻辑主语的代词又是主格,故常称为“独立主格”独立构造”在句中起状语作用,相称于状语从句,表达时间、因素、条件、方式或随着等状况 功能 独立主格构造重要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相称于一种状语从句,常用来表达时间、因素、条件、行为方式或随着状况等例如: 表达时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活,坐下来喝茶。
表达条件 The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利,她或许能成功 表达因素 There being no taxes, we had to walk. 没有出租车,我们只得步行 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,因此她把她裹得严严实实的 表达随着状况 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银则是最佳的导体Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 用法 独立主格构造重要表达谓语动词发生的时间、因素、条件或随着状况等,相称于一种状语从句或并列句 用作时间状语 The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完毕后,我们就回家了。
用作条件状语 Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气容许的话,她们将在明天组织一次海滨小游 用作因素状语 An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 由于明天要刊登一种重要的演讲,专家不得不熬夜到很晚 用作随着状语 He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).她躺在草地上,两手交叉枕在脑后 表达补充阐明 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力,一种人干两个人的活。
*注:独立主格构造表达时间、条件或因素时,相称于一种状语从句,一般放在句首,表达因素时还可放在句末;表随着状况或补充阐明时,相称于一种并列句,一般放于句末 形式1>一般独立主格形式:与主句逻辑关系松散 形式为: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. + 不定式 ; n. + 介词短语; n. + 形容词; n. + 副词. ; 名词/主格代词+目前分词 名词/主格代词与目前分词之间是主谓关系如: The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着她,她不懂得说什么好 Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间容许的话,我们明天去郊游 名词/主格代词+过去分词 名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系如: The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了,她看不见黑板上的字 名词/主格代词+不定式 名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系,且强调的是一次具体性的动作如: He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于某些旧零件,她要做一种飞机模型 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 她们道别后,一种回了家,一种去了书店 名词/主格代词+形容词 如: An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这样多人缺席,会议不得不取消。
名词/主格代词+副词 如: He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 她把毛衣穿反了 The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束,她们就都回家了 名词/主格代词+介词短语 如: The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽接近火炉坐着,背对着门 2>with 引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系紧密 形式为: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +abj.; with +n. + 介词短语 3>each引导的强调型独立主格:强调句尾的复数名词 形式为:句子 + 复数名词结尾 , each + 介词短语/形容词短语/名词短语/-ing形式/-ed形式 如: Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided into five groups, each with its own executive.(题源:《GMAT语法全解》白勇著,Page38) 4>其她形式 There being +名词(代词) 如: There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了,我宣布散会 It being +名词(代词) 如: It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故,政府机关都休息 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日,所有商店都关门了 特点 1)独立主格构造的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在 2)名词或代词与背面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词等是主谓关系 3)独立主格构造一般有逗号与主句分开 举例: The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了,我们开始放假 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气容许,我们明天去看你 This done, we went home. 工作完毕后,我们才回家 The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家 He came into the room,his ears red with cold. 她回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 她夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆 注:独立主格构造有时可在其前加上介词with 如:Don’t sleep with the windows open.别开着窗睡觉 He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 她和衣躺在床上 She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 她没熄灯就睡着了 I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being il由于妈妈有病,我无法去度假 He sat there with his eyes closed. 她闭目坐在那儿 All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.整个下午她都锁着门在房里工作 I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这。