1形容词一 形容词的语法功能1 形容词做定语，用来修饰名词This is a beautiful place.We have a brilliant future.2 形容词做表语The book is sentimental.The soft drink is exhilarating.3 形容词做补语，用来说明主语或是宾语We found the flower beautiful.4 形容词还可以做状语，表示原因，结果以及伴随的动作等等The criminal at large fell off the truck, dead.Energetic and dynamic, this group won the champion of the dancing contest. 二 形容词的位置一般而言，形容词放在名词的前面，但是下面的情况下，形容词放在名词的后面：1 形容词短语作定语Marriage is a matter easier to get but harder to last.2 形容词修饰 something, anything 或是 nothing 的时候，要放在这些词的后面。
例如：nothing important 或者是 something urgent2定语从句一 定义：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或是代词而起形容词作用的从句叫做定语从句二 结构：先行词+关系词+ 从句例句：this is the place which I want to visit. 定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词，因为它总是处在定语从句的前头，比定语从句先行一步引导从句的词叫做关系词 关系词是在句子中充当一定的成分的 关系词包括关系代词和关系副词 关系代词可以充当主语，宾语，表语或是定语，关系副词充当状语This is the place which I want to visit.在这个句子里面 the place 是先行词，which 是关系代词，指代的是 the place，which 在从句中充当的是宾语成分同样，我们可以来分析下面的例句Do you remember the girl who taught us English?显然，the girl 是先行词，who 是关系代词，引导了后面的宾语从句，指代的是 whoWho在从句中充当的成分是主语关系代词或是关系副词在句子中的作用： 连接作用，即，连接宾语从句 指代作用，即，指代被修饰的先行词 语法作用，即，该关系词需要再句子中承担一定的句子成分。
关系代词：who，which，that 作从句的主语；whom，which，that 作从句的宾语(可省略) ；whose 从句中作定语关系副词：when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语；where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语；why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，只修饰 reason三 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句1 限定性定语从句定义：限定性定语从句把它的先行词限定在特定的意义之内，对先行词起限定的作用，是先行词必不可少的修饰语，没有它，整个句子的意思就会受到影响、就不完整特点：（1）从句和被修饰的名词之间没有逗号 （2）从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，如果缺少，就会造成先行词指代不明或是主句的意义不完整例句：Do you remember the girl who taught us English?I can’t return the book which I bought from liberty last week.2 非限定性定语从句定义：非限定性定语从句不对先行词起限定的作用，不是先行词必不可少的修饰语，只对先行词起补充说明的作用，没有它，整个句子的意思不会受到影响、仍然完整。
Your father, whom I respect very much, is a kind old man.Nanjing, where I lived for five years, is very hot in summer.I’ve been to London , which is a beautiful city.由上面的例子可以看出，独一无二的和专有名词在用定语从句进行修饰时，必须用非限定性定语从句讨论限定性和非限定性定语从句的区别就在于：非限定性定语从句不能用 that 引导四 关系代词的应用3指代人 指代物 指代人或物主语 Who Which That宾语 Whom Which That定语 Whose Whose1 who 用来指代人，做主语I failed to catch the thief who stole my wallet.Most of the people who work in this company are asked to donate some money to the Red Cross.2 whom 用来指代人做介词或是动词的宾语This is the girl who/whom I met in the street.You put your loyalty to the manager who/whom you trust.3 which 既可以指代物，做主语或是宾语，也可以指代整个完整的主句。
This firework, which was bought last month, was found wet.The dog which got ill last week was now in the emergency room .The war broke out between the two neighboring countries, which shocked the world.4 that 既可以指代人，又可以指代物，既可以做主语，又可以做宾语The witness that the police are now interrogating is my friend.The car that parked outside of the window was his father’s.I picked up the IC Card that fell on the ground.She is the person that can speak 2 languages.5 whose 既可以指代人，又可以指代物，做定语The gun, whose trigger has been broke, was discarded.The golfer, whose morality is now questioned, attended a press conference.五 which 和 that 的区别。
在下面的情况下，只能用 which，而不能用 that1 引导非限定性定语从句时，只能用 which，而不能用 thatToyota recalled most of cars last year, which shocked the public.This house, which we bought last year, is beautiful..当然，限定性的定语从句，也可以用其他的关系词Her brothers, both of whom work in America, ring her up every week2 介词后面不能用 that，而只能用 whichThe book from which I got a lot of useful information was written by a famous scientist.Who is the boy with whom you were talking a moment ago?例外的情况：但是当介词放在从句末尾时，作为介词宾语的关系代词可以用 that 并且可以省略 如上头两句可改为：The book (that /which) I got a lot of information from was written by a famous scientist. Who is the boy (that/whom) you were talking with a moment ago?3 只能用 that 而不能用 which 的情况（1）先行词有最高级形容词修饰时，常用 that，而不用 which：Edison was one of the greatest inventors that ever lived.This is the best film that I’ve ever seen.She was the greatest woman that/who has ever lived.（2）先行词有 the same, the very, the first, the last, all, no, the only, much, little, none, any, 4every 等时，用 that, 不用 which：He was the first man that we saw in the village.There is little that is interesting.I still remember the first time that we met.I’ll do anything (that) I can to help you.Everything that can be done has been done.（3）当先行词既有人又有物时，用 that，不用 which，We were deeply impressed by the workers and their working conditions that we had visited.We listened to him talk about the men and books that interested him。
六 介词+关系代词共分为三种情况：1 介词前置，即，介词放在关系代词之前The age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to 20.What is the country in which you are traveling?可以看出，之所以要把介词前置，是因为，该介词和前面的先行词组成了固定搭配或是习惯用法2 介词既可以前置，也可以不前置He is a man on whom you can rely.The gentleman with whom you intend to talk is my brother.The chance (that/which) we are looking for has come.（不能前置）常见的可以前置，也可以后置的固定词组有：borrow from/lend to/live in/speak to/talk about/wait for/只能后置，而不能前置的有 call on，hear from，look for，look after， long for, run into 等等。
可以看出，可以前置的原因是因为，作为固定词组的介词可以提前，这跟先行词本身的搭配没有关系3 介词的使用可以根据句子的意义而定He gave me some oranges, two of which were not ripe.His glasses, without which, he could see nothing, fell on the ground and broke.真题：Television is o。