附录附录 A：英文资料：英文资料IntroductionNew levels of environmental hybrid vehicles (HV) that combine an engine and a motor, fusing the advantages of these two power sources; fuel cell hybrid vehicles (FCHV) that use fuel cells (FC) to generate electricity based on a chemical reaction between hydrogen and the oxygen in the air and that supply this electricity to electric motors to produce driving power.In January 1997, Toyota declared the start of the Toyota Eco Project. As part of this effort, Toyota decided to tackle the international challenge of reducing CO2 emissions in order to prevent global warming and accelerated the development of a hybrid vehicle with the goal of achieving twice the fuel efficiency of conventional ehicles. Then, in March of the same year, Toyota announced the completion of a new power train called the Toyota Hybrid System (THS) for use in passenger vehicles. This power train combines a gasoline engine and an electric motor, and because it does not require external charging, as do existing electric vehicles, it works within existing infrastructures such as fueling facilities. This system also achieves nearly twice the fuel efficiency of conventional gasoline engines.THS was installed in the passenger vehicle Prius, which was introduced in December 1997 in the Japanese market as the first mass-produced hybrid passenger vehicle in the world. In 2000, overseas marketing of the Prius began. The Prius has gained a reputation as a highly innovative vehicle, and its cumulative worldwide sales have exceeded 110,000 nits. Meanwhile, THS has continued to evolve, and in 2001, THS-C, which combines THS with CVT (continuously variable transmission), was installed in the Estima Hybrid minivan and THS-M (a mild hybrid system) wasinstalled in the Crown, luxury sedan, both for the Japanese market thereby contributing greatly to innovations in the automobiles of the 21st century.Building on the ecology-focused THS, Toyota has developed the concept of Hybrid Synergy Drive. Based on this concept, Toyota has developed a new-generation Toyota hybrid system called THS II, which achieves high levels of compatibility between environmental performance and power by increasing the motor output by 1.5 times, greatly boosting the power supply voltage and achieving significant advances in the control system, aiming for synergy between motor power and engine power.Toyota has positioned hybrid technology as its key technology. Beginning with the development of EVs and through the commercialization of HVs and FCHVs, its continued efforts have now culminated in the development of THS II. Toyota will continue to endeavor to make technical advances in this area.What is a Hybrid System?Fusion between an internal combustion engine and electric motor—achieving different functions through different power combinationsAutomobile hybrid systems combine two motive power sources, such as an internal combustion engine and an electric motor, to take advantage of the benefits provided by these power sources while compensating for each other’s shortcomings, resulting in highly efficient driving performance. Although hybrid systems use an electric motor, they do not require external charging, as do electric vehicles.3 types of Hybrid SystemsThe following three major types of hybridsystems are being used in the hybrid vehiclescurrently on the market:1) SERIES HYBRID SYSTEMThe engine drives a generator, and an electric motor uses this generated electricity to drive thewheels. This is called a series hybrid systembecause the power flows to the wheels in series,i.e., the engine power and the motor power are inseries. A series hybrid system can run a smalloutputengine in the efficient operating region relatively steadily, generate and supply electricity to the electric motor and efficiently charge the battery. It has two motors—a generator (which has the same structure as an electric motor) and an electric motor. This system is being used in the Coaster Hybrid.2) PARALLEL HYBRID SYSTEMIn a parallel hybrid system, both the engine and the electric motor drive the wheels, and the drive power from these two sources can be utilizedaccording to the prevailing conditions. This is calleda parallel hybrid system because the power flows to the wheels in parallel. In this system, the battery is charged by switching the electric motor to act as a generator, and the electricity from the battery is used to drive the wheels. Although it has a simple structure, the parallel hybrid system cannot drive the wheels from the electric motor while simultaneously charging the battery since thesystem has only one motor.3) SERIES/PARALLEL HYBRID SYSTEMThis system combines the series hybridsystem with the parallel hybrid system in order tomaximize the benefits of both systems. It has twomotors, and depending on the driving conditions,uses only the electric motor or the driving powerfrom both the electric motor and the engine, in orderto achieve the highest efficiency leve。