认知语言学第三章隐喻与转喻#上课课堂

Chapter3 Conceptual metaphor and metonymiesPresented by 肖丽红1优质材料01Metaphors and Metonymies: from figures of speech to cognitive models02Metaphors and Metonymies: as cognitive instruments03 Metaphors as a way of thinking: examples from science and politics04Pragmatic applications of Metaphors and MetonymiesOutline2优质材料All the world’s a stage And all the man and women merely players;They have their exits and their entrance,And one man in his time plays many parts,His acts being seven ages...问君能有几多愁?恰似一江春水向东流 .下馆子/上饭店Do metaphors or metonymies only exist in literature?What kind of roles that metaphors and metonymies do in our daily life?3优质材料Three stages of Metaphors studiesInitial stage(300BC-1920s): During this stage, Metaphors and Metonymies are studied as kinds of rhetoric devices. Aristotle, who first began to study the properties and functions of Metaphor, defined metaphor as the Transference of meaning between concepts in her book Rehetoric and Poetry. Representatives of this stages are Aristotle, Quintilian… Second stage(1930-1960): Focus on the structure and meaning of metaphor. This is a period of time that regard as the transitory stage between the study of metaphor as rhetoric devices and the study of metaphor as a cognitive model. Main representatives of this stage are R. Jakobson, E. Benveniste and M. Black.Third stage( 1970-now): Metaphors and Metonymies are regarded as cognitive models and been studied within multidisciplinary fields. 4优质材料相似原则（principle of similarity）人们容易将相同或相似的东西看做是一个单位。

这一人们容易将相同或相似的东西看做是一个单位这一原则在概念和语言的形成中是最重要的原则原则在概念和语言的形成中是最重要的原则5优质材料顺接原则（principle of good continuation）在识别和记忆事物时，人们倾向于寻找有规律、变化小的整体6优质材料接近原则（principle of proximity）在认知上，距离相近的事物容易被看做是一个单位7优质材料突显原则（突显原则（principle of prominence））人们的注意力更容易观察和记忆事物比较突显的方面相似原则&顺接原则是隐喻的认知原则接近原则&凸显原则是转喻的认知原则8优质材料好的语言是一种圆满的实现，能表达人的感知本身所不能表现的事情——查理 语言学上，把由于两个事物的特征上所存在的某一类似之处，而用指一个事物的词来指代另一个事物的演变方式叫做隐喻（Metaphor）Metaphor involves using words from one domain to talk about the other. The domain from which words been selected is called the source domain, and the domain been described is regarded as the target domain.9优质材料10优质材料隐喻的抽象认知能力来源于对两个概念的“相似（similarity）”的认知。

映射域即人脑中两个概念建立相似性的地方Three major components of mapping scopes：Image schemas: firmly grounded in our bodily experiences, are the most probably shared by all human beings. ‘in-out’Basic correlations: guide us in understanding the events and actions in the world around us. ‘cause<>effect’, action/change<>motion…Culture-dependent evaluations: restricted to the members of a specific culture. 11优质材料映射（映射（Mapping））隐喻不仅是根据对具体事物的认知模式来认识和构造对其他事物的认知模式，而是将整个认知模式的结构、内部关系转移，这种转移被称为源模式向目标模式结构的映射12优质材料隐喻本质上是一种认知现象，是思维相互作用的产物。

它以已知喻未知、以熟悉喻不熟悉，以简单喻复杂、以具体喻抽象，以通俗喻科学Metaphor not only used for poetic effect, also enables human beings to understanding and describing abstract things. And the source domains tend very often to be concrete, things that we can experience directly. While the target domains tend to be abstract.13优质材料常规隐喻（conventional or dead metaphors）“……通过长期建立的常规关系而无意识进入语言的隐喻才是最重要的Ungerer & Schmid 1996: 117）莱考夫（1980）把隐喻看做是人们思维、行为和表达思想的一种系统的方式，即隐喻概念（metaphorical concept or conceptual metaphor）14优质材料结构隐喻（Structural Metaphor）以一种概念的结构来构造另一种概念，使两种概念相叠加，将谈论一种概念的各方面的词语用于谈论另一概念。

TIME IS MONEYI don’t have the time to give you.How do you spend your time these days?一寸光阴一寸金我们何不省点时间，现在就吃饭呢？15优质材料IDEAS (or MEANINGS) ARE OBJECTSLINGUISTIC EXPRESSIONS ARE CONTAINERSCOMMUNICATION IS SENDING It’s hard to get that idea across to him.It’s difficult to put my ideas into words.ARGUMENT IS WARHe attacked every week point in my argument.16优质材料方位隐喻（Orientational Metaphor）参照空间方位而组建的一系列隐喻概念HIGH STATUS IS UP; LOW STATUS IS DOWNRATIONAL IS UP; EMOTIONAL IS DOWNCONSCIOUS IS UP; UNCONCIOUS IS DOWNA meeting has been planed for next Wednesday. Now, Let’s move the meeting forward two days.When does the meeting take place?17优质材料实体隐喻（Ontological Metaphor）将抽象概念具体化My fear of insects is driving my wife crazy.It will take a lot of patience to finish this book.The ugly side of his personality comes out under pressure.The pressure of his responsibilities caused his breakdown.18优质材料容器隐喻（Container metaphor）The ship is coming into view. VISUAL FIELDS AS CONTAINERSAre you in the race on Sunday? RACE AS CONTAINERThere is a lot of land in Kansas. AREAS AS CONTAINERSHow did you get into window-washing as a profession?THE ACTIVITY OF WASHING AS CONTAINERWe are out of trouble now.TROUBLE AS CONTAINER19优质材料创新隐喻来源于文学家个人独特的感受和体验的——文学隐喻THE WORLD IS A STAGETHEORIES/ARGUMENTS ARE BUILDINGSHis theory has thousands of little rooms and long winding corridors.出于表达新事物的需要——科学中的隐喻20优质材料①一般而言，隐喻的源域为具体范畴，而目标域是后认知的具体范畴或抽象范畴，而不是相反。

②常规隐喻是一个语言集团文化和经验的沉淀人们根据经验和文化传统来选择源域③源域与目标域之间形成一定的隐喻结构网，同一源域可以隐喻多个目标域，LIFE IS A JOURNEY, AN ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY同一目标域也可以由多个源域隐喻AN ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY, AN ARGUMENT IS A BATTLE,AN ARGUMENT IS A CONTAINER, AN ARGUMENT IS A BUILDING21优质材料常规隐喻创新隐喻结构隐喻方位隐喻实体隐喻文学隐喻科学中的隐喻22优质材料转喻定义转喻定义1. Lakoff & Johnson ( 1980)Metonymy has primarily a referential function, that is, it allows us to use one entity to stand for another. […] It also serves the function of providing understanding. 转喻主要具有一种指代功能，即，它允许我们用一种实体代替另一实体。

……同时，转喻也具有理解功能23优质材料转喻定义转喻定义2. William Croft ( 1993)A target is accessed within a domain as a result of domain highlighting. …from the perspective of encylopaedic semantics, metonymy functions by highlighting one domain within a concept’s domain matrix.目标在同一认知域（矩阵）中由域凸显域凸显而被通达……从百科性语义角度来看，转喻就是在 同一概念的认知域矩阵中的某一域凸显24优质材料转喻定义转喻定义3. Kövecses and Radden ( 1998)Metonymy is a cognitive process in which one conceptual entity, the vehicle, provides mental access to another conceptual entity, the target, within the same domain, or ICM.转喻是在同一理想化认知模式中，一个概念实体（转喻喻体）为另一概念实体提供心理通达的认知过程。

25优质材料转喻定义转喻定义4. Barcelona ( 2002)Metonymy is a mapping of a conceptual domain, the source, onto another domain, the target. Source and target are in the same functional domain and are linked by a pragmatic function, so that the target is mentally activated.转喻是从一个概念域，即源域，向另一个概念域，即目标域的映射源域和目标域属于同一功能域，它们之间的语用功能联系使目标域在心理上被激活26优质材料转喻模式转喻模式Peirsman & Geeraerts 认为转喻依据接触力度（strength of contact）、有界性(boundedness) 和认知域(domain) 这三个层面向外扩展，形成转喻范畴一、空间和物质认知域中的邻近性 1) 空间部分与整体(SPATIAL PART & WHOLE) 九州——中国2) 容器与容纳物 (CONTAINER & CONTAINED) 壶烧开了3) 方位与所在 (LOCATION & LOCATED) 他上面有人。

4) 一件衣物与人 (A PIECE OF CLOTHING & PERSON) 5) 一件衣物与身体部分 (A PIECE OF CLOTHING & BODY PART) 6) 物质与客体 ( MATERIAL & OBJECT) Glass——眼镜27优质材料二、 时间域中的邻近性1) 时间部分与整体 (TEMPORAL PART & WHOLE)2) 时间与实体 (TIME & ENTITY)9-11 will never be forgotten.28优质材料三、 行为、事件和过程中的邻近性1) 次事件与复杂事件 (SUBEVENT & COMPLEX EVENT)让我以后照顾你吧！2) 行动与参与者 (ACTION & PARTICIPANT)这种洗衣粉把衣服洗得很白3) 方位与产品 (LOCATION & PRODUCT)Watergate changed our politics.4) 生产者与产品 (PRODUCER & PRODUCT)I like to read Hemingway.5) 控制着与被控制着 (CONTROLLER & CONTROLLED)The piano is ill today. 6) 拥有者与被拥有者 (POSSESSOR & POSSESSED)29优质材料7) 原因与结果 (CAUSE & EFFECT)8) 先前与后果 (ANTECEDENT & CONSEQUENT)9) 参与者与参与者 ( PARTICIPANT & PARTICIPANT)10) 潜在与实际 (POTENTIAL & ACTUAL)Mary can speak five languages.30优质材料总成和堆拢认知域中的邻近性总成：各部分功能性结构组合堆拢：同等成员的集合1) 特征与实体 ( CHARACTERISTIC & ENTITY)大款2) 核心因素与机构 ( CENTRAL FACTOR & INSTITUTION)The press 指代出版机构3) 上位词与下位词 (HYPONYM & HYPERNYM)31优质材料Why does metaphor exist?What can we do with the help of metaphor?32优质材料科学中的隐喻科学中的隐喻隐喻将科学中的抽象概念具体化，使其更易解释与理解。

+COMPUTER WORK IS OFFICE WORK++VIRUS++ THE ATOM IS A (MININATURE) SOLAR SYSTEM+33优质材料政治中的隐喻政治中的隐喻+CONTRY IS A PERSON THAT IS ILL++POLITICS IS BUSINESS++MORALITY IS FAIR DISTRIBUTION++MORALITY IS HAPPINESS+在政治中，隐喻的解释功能在于控制并影响民众对其政权领导的支持程度 隐喻的创造在于政治家以及宣传家的政治思维，思维的形成依赖结构隐喻34优质材料概念隐喻影响思维的两种方式解释性隐喻： 使外行更容易理解复杂的科学、政治和社会问题结构性隐喻： 对复杂问题及概念做理论阐述的必要工具35优质材料隐喻、转喻与构词隐喻、转喻与构词1） 词义整合形成新词White House，skinhead，paperback2） 一词多义 辣的热门的，时髦的 热情的 使人感到热的 感觉热的(HOT) 兴奋的；愤怒的36优质材料3)词以扩大与缩减•同一语义范畴内扩大Arrive：船“到岸”；以任何方式“到达某一点”•不同范畴语义延生Virus VS computer virus4)改变词性•动词转名词读书——书写•名词转动词He is my father.He fathered three children.37优质材料38优质材料。