虚拟语气详解及时态二、虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)1. 主语从句中的虚拟语气主语从句(常用形式主语it来代替，结构 为It is that…)中的虚拟语气主要取决于某 些用来表示建议、命令、要求、惊异和失望等的 形容词和过去分词，其形式为：(should) +动 词原形常这样用的形容词有： appropriate, advisable， better， desirable， essential，imperative,important,insistent， natural， necessary， preferable， strange， urge nt，vital 等过去分词有：desired, demanded, ordered, requested, suggested, recommended, required 等 例如：It is essential that you (should) win the voters' hearts.It was suggested that he (should) join the club activities.2. 表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气在表示建议、命令、主张、目的和愿望等的 名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词要求使用虚拟语气。
其形式为：（should） +动 词原形常这样用的名词有：resolution, pray, decision, motion, suggestion, preference, proposal, advice, recommendation, desire, demand,requirement, order, necessity, request, idea 等例如：He gave orders that the guests （should） be hospi tably ent er tained.他下令热情款待 这些客人His proposal is that we （should） get rid of the bad habits.3. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气1）某些动词后所接宾语从句中的谓语动词要求 用虚拟语气，用来表示建议、命令和要求等其 形式为：（should）+动词原形常这样用的动词有：ask （要求），advise, det ermine, decide, command, insis t, int end, move, prefer, propose, order, recommend, request, require, suggest, urge, demand,desire, direct 等。
例如：He insisted that the meeting (should) be put off.他要求推迟那个会议They proposed that all the plans (should) be discussed at the meeting.他们 建议所有的计划都应该在会上讨论2) 在以it为形式宾语的复合宾语从句中也可 以用虚拟语气，其形式为：(should) +动词原 形这一句型中使用的形容词(宾补)与主语从 句中的虚拟语气所使用的形容词相同例如：We think it advisable that he (should) think deeply before act ing.我们认为他在行 动之前好好考虑一下才是明智的3) wish后面所跟的宾语从句中的虚拟语气表 示某种不能实现的愿望其主要形式有三种：表示对现在 情况的虚拟wish +主语+动词过 去式(be用were)表示对过去 情况的虚拟wish + 主语 + had + 过 去分词表示对将来 情况的虚拟wish + 主语 + would + 动词原形例如：I wish I knew what was going to happen. 但愿我能知道要发生什么事。
She wished she had stayed at home.她 后悔当时不在家I wish I were rich.我巴不得我很有钱 注意：在表示对过去情况的虚拟时，有时也 可以用下列形式：wish + 主语 + would（could）+ have + 过 去分词I wish I could have seen her last night. 要是我昨天晚上能够见到她那该多好4. if条件句中的虚拟语气形式1）if非真实条件句所表示的假设则是不可能 或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的主句与从句都 用虚拟语气在f非真实虚拟条件句中，主句和从句谓语动 词主要有下面几种形式：从句主句与现在 事实相 反动词过去式（be 用 were）would(should， could， might) +动词原形与过去 事实相 反had +过去分 词should(would， could, migh t) + have +过去 分词与将来 事实可 能相反动词过去式 （should+动词 原形，were to + 动词原形）should(would， could， might) +动词原形例如:If there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk.假如没有引力，我们就不可能行 走。
I wouldn't have known what these were for if I hadn' t been told.假如别人不告诉我， 我就不知道这些东西是干什么的了2）正式文体中，有时可把虚拟条件句中的连词 辻省去，而将were, had, should等助动词（不 包括行为动词）提到主语前面倒装处理如果句 中没有were, had或should时，既不能省略 辻，也不能倒装例如：Were I to meet him tomorrow （= If I were to meet him tomorrow）, I should ask him about it.要是我明天见到他，我就会问他这件事的 Had I had the money last year （= If I had had the money last year）, I would have bought the house.如果我去年有了这笔钱，我就买那所房 子了3）时间错综条件句：通常情况下，在非真实条 件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致 的,但有时也可能指不同的时间，这时要根据上 下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式。
例如：If I were you, I would have taken his advice.我要是你，就采纳他的建议了从句 指现在，主句指过去）If the weather had been more favorable, the crop would be growing still better. 如 果气候更适宜一些，庄稼会长得更好从句指 过去，主句指现在）5. 含蓄虚拟条件句1）有时假设的情况并不以条件从句形式表示出 来，而是通过一个介词短语或其他方式表示常 用的词或短语有：without, but for, but that, otherwise, or, but 等例如：Without your help （=If we had not hadyour help), we could not have succeeded・ 要是没有你的帮助，我们是不会成功的But forelectricity(=Iftherewerenoelectricity), there would be no modern industry.要是没有电，就不会有现代工业He was having a meeting; otherwise he would have come over to help us. 他当时正 在开会，否则的话他就来帮我们了。
He felt very ti red yes terday, or he would have attended the party.他昨天很累， 不然他就参加那个聚会了2）在某些暗含虚拟条件的简单句中，虚拟语 气可通过上下文表现出来谓语动词用 should/would be 形式和 should/would have been虚拟形式例如:Any men in his position would have done like t ha t.任何人处在他的位置都会那么做 的You should (ought to) have come earlier・ 你本应早点来的6. 其他句型中的虚拟语气1) 在 would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might as well 和 would prefer 等后面所跟的从句中，也要用虚拟语气，表示愿 望，意为“宁愿、但愿”其形式为：① “would rather (would sooner…)+ 主 语+谓语动词过去式”表示现在或将来的情 况② “ would rather (would sooner…)+ 主 语+动词过去完成式”表示过去的情况。
例如：I'd rather he didn' t go now.要是他 现在不走就好了I'd jus t as soon you had been here yesterday.要是你昨天在这里就好了2) 在句型 “It is (high/ about) time…” 后面也可以跟虚拟语气，从句中常用过去式有 时也用"(should) +动词原形”，意为"该 是……的时候了”例如：It is time that the boy (should) go to school.这个小孩该上学了It is high time (that) the weather improved.天气真该好起来了3) 在"ifonly”引起的感叹句中也要求用 虚拟语气，表示愿望形式为：①用过去式或 “would/could +动词原形” 表示与现在或未来事实相反的愿 望②过去完成式表示与过去事实相反的愿望 例如：If only you would listen to our advice・ 要是你听我们的建议就好了If only I had not been busy last week! 要是上周我不忙该多好啊！注：if only也可以用于虚拟条件句中。
例 如：If only I had more money, I could buy a car.要是我有更多的钱，我就可以买辆车了4）连接词 “incase, lest, for fear that” 可以用来引导虚拟语气其形式通常为：“•••les t (in case, for fear that) + 主语 + should + 动词原形”lest, for fear that 后 接从句中的should可以省去，in case连接从 句中的should通常不省去，但是in case句 中可以不用虚拟语气，而用陈述语气lest, for fear that后面也可以接其他形式例如:He took his coat with him in case it should rain.他带着雨衣以防下雨I will not make。