苏联冬小麦育种IntroductionThe development of winter wheat breeding in the USSR began in the early 20th century when Russian scientists recognized the importance of increasing crop yields to keep pace with the rapidly growing population. Since then, Soviet researchers have made significant contributions to the genetic improvement of winter wheat, leading to the creation of high-yielding and disease-resistant varieties adapted to various climatic and soil conditions.In this paper, we will discuss the history of winter wheat breeding in the USSR, achievements in variety development, and their impact on agricultural productivity.History of Winter Wheat Breeding in the USSRWinter wheat breeding in the USSR can be traced back to the early 20th century when Russian scientists began selecting and improving wheat cultivars for better yield and disease resistance. The first substantial success was achieved by the famous Soviet geneticist Vavilov who developed the “Bezenchukskaya 1” variety, which showed high productivity and good resistance to pests and diseases.Despite substantial progress made in the initial stages, the development of the winter wheat breeding program was hindered by World War II and the impact it had on Soviet agriculture. However, in the post-war era, the USSR government implemented a program to intensify agriculture’s development, which led to new investments in research and development of new wheat varieties.Achievements in Variety DevelopmentThe main objective of the Soviet winter wheat breeding program was to develop high-yielding, disease-resistant, and regionally adapted varieties. The Russian scientists focused on developing a range of varieties, from early maturing to late maturing, to suit different climatic and soil conditions. Some of the most notable achievements in variety development include:1. Krasnodarskaya, which has become one of the most widely grown and productive wheat varieties in the USSR.2. Mironovskaya 808, which has high productivity and is widely grown in the central and southern regions of Russia.3. Bezenchukskaya 100, which is known for its high yield, good winter hardiness, and resistance to powdery mildew.4. Bezostaya, which is known for its high yield and high resistance to lodging.The Impact of Winter Wheat Breeding on Agricultural ProductivityThe development of new winter wheat varieties has had a significant impact on agricultural productivity in the USSR. The introduction of high-yielding and disease-resistant varieties has led to increased grain production and helped to reduce dependence on imports. In addition, improved seed quality has contributed to higher yields, and better resistance to pests and diseases has reduced the need for chemical interventions.ConclusionIn summary, the development of winter wheat breeding in the USSR has led to substantial achievements in the creation of high-yielding and disease-resistant varieties adapted to various climatic and soil conditions. The impact of these developments has been significant on agricultural productivity, helping to improve grain production and reduce dependence on imports. Although there have been challenges along the way, the advancements made in winter wheat breeding in the USSR provide an example of what can be achieved with sustained investment in research and development.In addition to the development of new varieties, the Soviet winter wheat breeding program also focused on the improvement of seed production and distribution systems. This led to the establishment of seed farms that produced high-quality seeds, which were then distributed to farmers across the country. This helped to ensure that the new varieties reached as many farmers as possible, leading to widespread adoption and increased productivity.Moreover, the Soviet winter wheat breeding program was not only focused on developing new varieties but also on improving farming practices. This led to the development of new agricultural technologies such as precision farming, which involves using data and technology to optimize planting, fertilization, and other farming activities. This, in turn, helped to increase yields and reduce input costs.The achievements made in winter wheat breeding in the USSR have had a profound impact not only on agricultural productivity but also on food security. The increased grain production helped to ensure that the growing population had access to adequate food supplies, reducing the risk of food shortages and famine.Despite the collapse of the Soviet Union, the achievements made in winter wheat breeding in the USSR continue to be relevant, as many of the varieties developed are still widely grown in Russia and other countries. The legacy of the Soviet winter wheat breeding program serves as an inspiration and a reminder of the importance of sustained investment in agricultural research and development.The success of the Soviet winter wheat bree。