英语时态（三）五．一般过去时和现在完成时 动词发生在过去，影响到现在，延续到现在，某种经历句型 基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done) ①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他 ②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他 ③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他 ④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同四点变化规则： (1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ” work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ” lived---lived---lived , (3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ” study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried , play---played---played ,stay---stayed---stayed (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped 2 、不规则动词： AAA型 原型 过去式 过去分词burst burst burst cast cast cast cost cost costcut cut cut hit hit hit hurt hurt hurt put put put set set set shut shut shut spread spread spread let let letAAB型 beat beat beatenABA型 become became become run ran run come came come特殊情况 ：read read read read原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/ABB型 bring brought brought lose lost lost buy bought boughtbuild built built lead led led burn burnt burntcatch caught caught sit sat sat dig dug dugfeel felt felt sell sold sold fight fought foughtfind found found win won won hear heard heardhold held held tell told told keep kept keptlay laid laid make made made meet met met shoot shot shot stand stood stood sweep swept sweptteach taught taugh think thought thought ABC型 begin began begun blow blew blown break broke broken choose chose chosendraw drew drawn drive drove drivendrink drank drunk fly flew flownforgive forgave forgiven forget forgot forgotten freeze froze frozen give gave givengrow grew grown know knew knownride rode ridden write wrote written rise rose risen ring rang rung shake shook shakensing sang sung sink sank sunkswim swam swum throw threw thrown六．现在完成时 （1）定义：现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在. I have no money to spend now.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.) Jane has laid the table.(含义是:简已经摆桌子.) Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱) He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地) （2）定义： 现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的情况,常与for,since连用. Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 注意： 1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用， 如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for,since连用. 2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用 ,如already, yet, just, before, recently,still, lately等: He has already obtained a scholarship. I haven't seen much of him recently (lately). We have seen that film before. Have they found the missing child yet ? 3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用, 如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等: Have you ever been to Beijing I have never heard Bunny say anything against her. I have used this pen only three times. It is still good. George has met that gentleman on several occasions. 4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用, 如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等: Peter has written six papers so far. Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom. There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year. The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years. Up to the present everything has been successful. 5. 现在完成时表示现在之前业已完成的动作,虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续,但是有一些现在完成时的句子,在后面加上for+一段时间,则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性. Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语) Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.(同第2点用法第一个例句) 6. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作. We have had four texts this semester. 现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法” 1.现在完成时的"完成用法" 现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了) 现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever，once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning ／ month ／year...，today等)连用 例如： Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？ 2.现在完成时的"未完成用法" 现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去。