明代的武學與武舉制度The Martial Arts Schools and Martial Art Examination System of Ming Dynasty賴盟騏國立高雄應用科技大學人力資源發展系講師摘 要明代武學有中央的兩京京衛武學，以及地方的都司衛武學、府州縣武學進入武學的學生，主要為年二十五歲以下的在職武官、武職官員的應襲子弟、以及武職官員其餘弟姪年十歲以上者其出路除應襲子弟照例襲職外，也得應科舉、武舉，或選受（薦舉、會舉）為主管軍政的武職官員 明代武舉考試分為鄉試、會試、殿試三級，武舉應試者一為武學官生，一為各地文武官吏舉荐「通曉兵法、謀勇出眾」者 明代的武學是專門為武職及武職子弟設立的學校，目的是為了培養將才，提高武將的素質但明代的武職素稱難治，武學的學規多流於形式，很難貫徹執行此外，朝廷對武職及子弟的入學沒有硬性的規定，在學期間學業的好壞與前途也沒有必然的關係 武科舉是明代選拔武將的重要途徑之一，但並未能選拔出真正的人才，主因為朝廷與社會皆忽視武舉細究其因：一為傳統「重文輕武」的觀念；其次是武舉出身得不到重用；其三乃武舉制度本身的缺失，如策問考試形同虛設，武舉出身皆為驍勇戰將，而非運籌帷幄的將帥。
有明一代，雖重文輕武，然則武學武舉制度在提高軍官素質、培養造就軍事人才方面有一定的貢獻但教法不嚴、督率無力，朝廷與社會均不甚重視，未能培訓或選拔出兼具韜略及驍勇之名將關鍵詞：武學、武舉、武舉制度AbstractThere were three types of martial arts schools in Ming dynasty：the Dual-Capital Defense Martial Arts School in the central government, the City Defense Martial Arts School and the State and County Martial Arts School in the local areas. The students enrolled into the martial arts schools were mainly inheritors aged 25 or above of existing military officers and military officials, and brothers or nephews aged 10 or above of military officials. The inheritors of existing military officers or officials could follow the rules to succeed their fathers’ positions as military officers, or they could take the Imperial Examination, the Martial Art Examination or the Selection Procedure (through Recommendation or Joint Recommendation) to become military officials who supervised military affairs. The Martial Art Examination of Ming Dynasty was divided into three levels: County Test, Joint Test and Imperial Test. The contestants of the Martial Art Examination were either students from the martial arts schools or people “familiar with the art of war and with outstanding wisdom and courage” recommended by local officials or military officers. The martial arts schools in the Ming Dynasty were established especially for military officers or descendents of military officers. The objective was to train military talents and to upgrade the quality of military officers. However, the military officers in Ming Dynasty were renowned for being undisciplined and the regulations of the martial arts schools usually fell into formality. It was also difficult to consolidate the implementation of regulations. Moreover, there were no strict rules concerning the enrollment of military officers and their descendents. Their academic performance in the Martial Arts Schools also showed no positive relevance to their future career. The Martial Art Examination was one of the crucial means to select military talents in Ming Dynasty. However, it did not really pick up the true talents. It was mainly because the Martial Art Examination was neglected by both of the central government and the society. After further exploration, the reasons included：（1）The traditional concept of “upholding the intellectual and belittling the military” .（2） The Martial Art Examination qualifiers could not secure a prominent future in the central government.（3）The flaws in the Martial Art Examination System, such as the seemingly formality-like strategy and tactic tests. The Martial Art Examination qualifiers were valiant warriors in the battlefield instead of tactical commanders in chief who specialized in the art of war. In the Ming Dynasty, although the intellectual was upheld while the military was belittled, the Martial Arts Schools and the Martial Art Examination System still made a certain extent of contribution to upgrading the quality of military officers and training military talents. Nevertheless, loose discipline, weak leadership, and negligence from the central government and the society were the reasons why true talented commanders in chief were not fostered or selected at that time.Keywords：martial arts schools, martial art examination, martial art examination system一、前 言以武藝取士的作法，先秦時已出現，武學是古代培養軍事人才的學校，肇始於唐，興盛於宋。
宋代創立了比較完備的武學體制，並開始將武舉制度與學校教育緊密結合 許友根，《武舉制度史略》（蘇州：蘇州大學出版社，一九九七年十二月第一版），頁43-49明代為提高軍官素質，中央、地方皆設武學；並以武舉制度選拔將才，惟學者之專論不多， 關於明代武學之專論，僅見朱建新，〈關於明武學的若干問題〉，《廈門大學學報‧哲社版》第1期（1992），頁95-97武舉制度則附於軍事制度史之中，如：許友根，《武舉制度史略》；赫治清編，《中國軍事制度史‧軍事教育訓練制度卷》（鄭州：大象出版社，1997.8第一版）又蔡嘉麟，《明代的衛學教育》（台北：中國文化大學史學研究所碩士論文，一九九八年六月），亦有部分的探討 本文試圖爬疏現有史料及研究成果，對明代的武學與武舉制度作一初步的探討二、武學的建立與發展明代為培養選拔將才，於中央與地方皆設有武學中央武學於北京、南京設「京衛武學」，地方武學則有衛武學及府州縣武學一）武學的創議明初未設武學，為表示對武學的重視，洪武二年（西元1369）六月，太祖召國子生，詢知諸生未熟騎射，遂宣諭「文足以經邦，武足以戡亂」，強調文武並重，才能「出將入相，安定社稷」 明‧董 倫等撰、中研院史語所校，《明太祖實錄》（台北：中研院史語所，一九八四年五月再版，據國立北平圖書館紅格鈔本微捲影印），卷五六，「洪武三年冬十月丙辰」條，頁1-2，總頁844-845。
洪武三年（1370）五月，詔國子生及郡縣學生員皆習射； 清高宗敕撰，《續文獻通考》（台北：新興書局，一九六二年新一版），卷四七，〈學校一〉，頁3216 十月採納御史袁凱之議，詔儒士更直午門，為武臣講解經史洪武五年（1372）、洪武十年（1377）、洪武十四年（1381），三次諭令選武臣子弟入國子監讀書《明太祖實錄》，卷七三，「洪武五年三月戊申」條，頁1，總頁1335；卷一一四，「洪武十年八月癸丑」條，頁1，總頁1874；卷一三五，「洪武十四年正月癸丑」條，頁3，總頁2141-2142明代武學之設， 關於明代武學的設立，常與衛所儒學相混淆據蔡嘉麟之考證，《明史》中的記載有誤；如清‧張廷玉等撰，《新校本明史》（台北市：鼎文書局，一九七八年十月初版），卷六九，〈選舉一〉，頁1690記載：「武學之設，自洪武時置大寧等衛儒學，教武官子弟」參照《明史》，卷七十五，〈職官四‧儒學〉，頁1851-1852載：「衛儒。