翻译理论与实践 Theory & Practice of TranslationⅠⅠTeaching Aim1.Intensify knowledge of translation theories and skills; 2. Exercise ourselves in gaining more translative power; In order to make ourselves qualified translators. ⅡTeaching Contents•1.Accomplishments of Translators•（译者综合素质）•2. Outline of Translation History & Translation Theories（翻译史与翻译理论概述）•3. Essentials of Syntactic Strategies in Translating;•（翻译的句法策略精要）•4. Essentials of Semantic Strategies in Translating;•（翻译的语义策略精要）•5. Cases of Pragmatic Strategies in Translating •（翻译的使用策略举隅） Ⅲ Teaching Arrangements1 Outline of historical facts and elucidation of linguists’ viewpoints（概介史实，阐析观点）2 Assign after-class translation exercises and make comments in class （布置练习，课上讲评）3 Panel discussion (ask students to exchange their ideas on their own translated pieces or compare notes on what they read) （小组讨论）4 Book report ( ask students to read one or two hitory or theory books and then write a book report to enhance their understanding of some outstanding theorists’ ideas) （读书报告）5 Role-play (each student is required to give a 5-minute speech about your favorite translaor, translated works, dubbed film or several students may form a group to stage an adapted play(in Chinese), recite poems or sing songs bilingually. （角色扮演） Basic Requirements for the TranslatorA satisfactory knowledge of the source language 1 The first and most obvious requirement of any translator is that he has a satisfactory knowledge of the source language. …Rather, he must understand not only the obvious content of the message, but also the subtlties of meaning, the significant emotive values of words, and the stylistic features which determine the “flavor and feel” of the message. (from Nida’s “Toward a Science of Translating)（对译者首要和最明显的要求是：他应当具备令人满意的源语/译出语水平。
更确切地讲， 他不仅必须理解文章需要了解的内容，而且要懂得意义的微妙性，懂得词语的重要情感价值，懂得确定文章“风味和感受”的语体特征.The paragraph tells us that translators shoulde be well versed in a foreign language and this requirement is essential for all good translators. If we want to be good translators, we should make every endeavor to improve our English through a variety of mechanisms. To attain the level he mentioned is so hard, but not impossible. An average learner of English can do reading, can communicate at superficial level and can pass many kinds of proficiency tests, but he can never translate well. Only an advanced learner of Englsih, so long as he developes himself high comprehesion ability and equips himself with adequate knowledge/encyclopedic information, he can start to translate. In all, a translator should be of strong comprehensive power and be encyclopedic/erudite enough. Complete control of the receptor language2 Even more important than knowledge of the resources of the source language is a complete control of the receptor language. …but there is no substitute for thorough mastery of the receptor language. Certainly the most numerous and serious errors made by translators arise partly from their lack of thorough knowledge of the receptor language.（比了解译入语各种来源 更重要的事情是对译入语的全盘驾驭，没有任何其他东西可代替对译入语的娴熟掌握。
不容置疑， 译者所犯的多数严重错误部分是由于缺乏对译入语全面了解所致What is emphasized in this paragraph is to have a mastery of your mother tongue/native language. Pay attention to the word “thorough”. Dare you say that you have a thorough mastery of Chinese language. I.m afraid, I never dare to say so. To undo this problem, I suggest reading more Chinese books or calling in some as your Chinese language teacher. We need to put strengeous effort into the improvement of Chinese language proficiency. (要恶补汉语） Thorough acquaintance with the subject matter concerned3 It is one thing, however, to know a language in general and another to have a specil knowledge of a particular subject… in addition to a knowledge of the two or more languages involved in the translation process, the translator must have a thorough acquaintance with the subject matter concerned. （然而，大体上通晓一门语言是一回事，对某一特定领域的专业知识了解则是另一回事。
除了了解涉及翻译过程的一、两门语言外，译者必须透彻了解相关的主题 A Chinese proverb says: Cry out what you sell. This may help you to bring home to this viewpoint. As a law translator, you should have law at your finger tips, and as a translator of foreign films, you should at least have general knowledge of the film art. Personally, I’m a spare-time translator in the auto trade, I of course often choose to read car magazines concerning all ABC knowledge/rudiments of cars. In this way, I do find my translating easier. In all, you should develop yourself the strond interest in all walks of life and turn yourself into a jack of all trades. Emphatic spirit4 Even if the translator possesses all the necessary technical knowledge, he is not really competent unless he has also a truly empathic spirit. (即使译者具备了一切必备专业知识，如果他没有和作者心灵相通，就不是有真正能力的译者。
This requires us to have a undestanding/or guessing/perceptive power at deeper level. Each time you read the original text, you should crack your brains to comprehend the real intention of the writer’s each statement. You out to have the power to see through the writer’s implied meanings. This is perhaps the most difficult thing to do in one’s life. It took me two days to finish this translation. (ask a student to translate) In all, to make a good match of your ideas with those of the writer’s. 翻阅这一本邮册，品评流年剪影，是欣然回忆，是默然思考，更是淡泊于心，志存高远的悟道！Leafing through this stamp album and commenting on pictures of the fleeting time is as good as having pleasing reminiscences about the past or lapsing into a quiet contemplation, and all the more, as gaining such a philosophy as not hankering after fame but after lofty aspirations. A capacity for literary experssion•5 Even though knowledge of the languages and the subject matter, combined with empathy, will not suffice to guarantee really effective translating unless the translator also has a capacity for literary expression.•(纵然通晓语言，了解相关主题，加之能和作者沟通, 译者没有文学表述能力，不足以保证译出上佳译作。
•Literary expression is a level very hard to attain. I myself do not have this power and this often worries me and makes me so miserable. What I can do is to make my translated piece readable, and understandable. If I were born in ancient times, I would have got the chance to receive old-style school education and I could be well versed in ancient Chinese. The my worries will surely vanish. Devout recognition•6 In translating the Bible, most oustanding translators have also insisted upon a further requirement, namely, a devout recognition of dependence upon divine grace…•（在翻译圣经过程中，多数著名翻译家还坚持提出了一项进一步的要求，即：依赖于天恩的虔诚认识。
•This rquires us to have sturdy/firm faith in our translation career. You treat translation as you render service to the God. What I do can conform to this rule as I am a workahoic of the translation. 7.To be always ready to team up with others for a translation project.•译者一定要具备于别人合作的精神8. To be good at sensible adaptation in the process of translation, technically and otherwise. •译者还要在翻译过程中善于变通 •These two viepoints are added by He Gangqiang, a translation forefatger of our times and the writer of “A Concise Course of Translation”, whom deserves much of my respect. He states that we are living in an Internet age, the translation projects we are to take up/assume are usually large, urgent and joint ones. Such a translation project can’be done single-handedly. Hence, teamwok spirit is needed.•As to the last point, Mr. He stresses we need to develop ourselves the power/competence outside translation. To my rough understanding, we need to be adaptable and versatile. To be exact, you can jump on occasion• and make it as a translator.（随机应变做个成功的译者）•何刚强总结到：精通外文，驾驭母语，熟悉题材，神合作者，具备才气，虔•诚敬业，乐于合作，善于变通。
Topics for discussion1. Do you ever want to become a translator? If yes, why?2. What do you think of a translator’s career? Is translating a profitable business?3. Explain Nida’s six basic requirements for the translator in your own words.4. What are your reflections on being a translator? 人物注释•Born （（November 11, 1914））•Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Died August 25, 2011) (aged 96)Madrid, Spain Occupation Linguist •Spouse Althea Sprague (m. 1943–1993) Dr. Elena Fernandez (1997 to 2011)• 尤金·A·奈达（Eugene A.Nida），语言学家，翻译家，翻译理论家。
1914年11月11日，出生于美国俄克拉何马市2011年，8月25•日，于布鲁塞尔与世长辞，享年94岁 • 1943年获密歇根大学语言学博士学位，接着长期在美国圣经学会•主持翻译部的工作，曾任美国语言学会主席，1980年退休后任顾问 • 奈达是一位杰出的语言学家，他到过96个国家，在一百多所大学过讲座，来中国有13次之多，直至2003年，奈达89岁高龄时，仍到非洲讲学 •相关理论与著作相关理论与著作• 这位在学术界赫赫有名的人物，偏偏远离学术重镇，默默地在美•国圣经协会供职半个多世纪他一生的主要学术活动都围绕《圣经》•翻译展开在《圣经》翻译的过程中，奈达从实际出发，发展出了一•套自己的翻译理论，最终成为翻译研究的经典之一奈达理论的核心•概念是“功能对等”所谓“功能对等”，就是说翻译时不求文字表面的死•板对应，而要在两种语言间达成功能上的对等为使源语和目的语的•之间的转换有一个标准，减少差异，尤金·A·奈达从语言学的角度出•发，根据翻译的本质，提出了著名的“动态对等”翻译理论，即“功能对•等”在这一理论中，他指出，“翻译是用最恰当、自然和对等的语言•从语义到文体再现源语的信息”(郭建中,2000 , P65)。
奈达有关翻译的•定义指明，翻译不仅是词汇意义上的对等，还包括语义、风格和文体•的对等，翻译传达的信息既有表层词汇信息，也有深层的文化信息动态对等”中的对等包括四个方面： • 人物注释• 1. 词汇对等；2. 句法对等；3. 篇章对等；4.文体对等 • 在这四个方面中，奈达认为，“意义是最重要的，形式其次”(郭建中,2000 , P67)形式很可能掩藏源语的文化意义，并阻碍文化交流因此，在文学翻译中，根据奈达的理论，译者应以动态对等的四个方面，作为翻译的原则，准确地在目的语中再现源语的文化内涵 • 奈达著作等身，他单独或合作出版著作40多部，发表论文250馀篇，另外，还有13本专供《圣经》译者使用的参考书奈达的第一本专著是1946年出版的《<圣经>翻译》（Bible Translating），最有影响的是1964出版的《翻译的科学探索》（Toward a Science of Translating），其次要数《翻译理论与实践》（The Theory and Practice of Translation），系与查尔斯·泰伯合著（1969） Translation Exercise 1一、特区是个窗口， 是技术的窗口，管理的窗口，知识的窗口，也是对外政策的窗口。
•The special zone is a window. It is a window for introducing technology, management and knowledge. It is also a window for foreign policy.•This version is a word-by-word translation, poor in quality though grammatically acceptable. Obviously, the extended meaning is not given by the translator. There must be some words omitted in the souce text. What words are omitted, we need to reconsider the sentence this way: •特区是个对外部世界开放的窗口；是个引进先进技术、管理知识和最新知识的窗口；特区还是个宣传中国对外政策的窗口•After the “understanding” procedure, we get down to the “expressing”procedure. What words or expressions or idioms we should choose in this translation? The sentence structure is thus organized: a window opening onto the outside world; a window through which to bring in … ;also a window through which to宣传… 翻译时要补齐省略的部分Draft:The special economic zone is a window opening onto the outside world. It is a window through which to bring in from abroad sophisticated technology, advanced managerial expertise and up-to-date know-how. It is also a window through which to disseminate China’s external policies. Choice of words: 对外开放opening onto…; 通过这个窗口引进 through which to bring in … through which to disseminate; 最先进的we’d better use: sophistacated/state-of-the-art/most advanced/up-to-date technology； Revisied:The special economic zone is a window opening onto the outside world, a window through which to bring in from abroad state-of-the-art technology, up-to-date managerial expertise and know-how and also a window through which to disseminate China’s external policies. •A well-done job. The translator fills in the words that are omitted in the source text and expresses them in the version. In my opinion, his version is truly authentic and can be easily understood by foreign readers. 是免费送机票还是送免费机票？•2. 一小时内免费送机票上门（航空公司的一则广告）•We give you tickets free of charge within one hour. （误）•我们一小时内送免费机票上门。
•We offer free delivery of your air tickets within one hour after your booking confirmation. （正）•Comments:•A very stupid mistake is made by this student translator for he has informed wrongly to the customers. The truth is that the act to deliver tickets is free, but not the air tickets. Such translation is surely ridiculous. The airflight will suffer a big economic loss due to this student’s carelessness. 3. 公司举办公司举办2008圣诞联欢晚会圣诞联欢晚会 12月月6日，公司在长春香格里拉大饭店日，公司在长春香格里拉大饭店举办了举办了气氛热烈、祥和的气氛热烈、祥和的2008圣诞联欢晚会圣诞联欢晚会。
总经理安铁成，副总经理米万德、马晨，工会主席总经理安铁成，副总经理米万德、马晨，工会主席王泽义，德籍员工携家属，中方伙伴共进人员，共王泽义，德籍员工携家属，中方伙伴共进人员，共400余人余人参加了参加了晚会中德嘉宾中德嘉宾欢聚一堂欢聚一堂共迎圣诞，增进了中德双方的友情，促进了伙伴共共迎圣诞，增进了中德双方的友情，促进了伙伴共进计划的向前推进进计划的向前推进 晚会首先晚会首先播放了播放了2008年公司业绩短片在圣诞乐曲背景下的激光年公司业绩短片在圣诞乐曲背景下的激光秀之后，公司领导共同秀之后，公司领导共同点燃了点燃了圣诞花环的首支蜡烛，这种德国传统迎接圣诞花环的首支蜡烛，这种德国传统迎接圣诞的方式，与德国嘉宾在情感上产生互动，为晚会带来了浓郁的欧圣诞的方式，与德国嘉宾在情感上产生互动，为晚会带来了浓郁的欧洲风情，全场掌声与音乐形成交响洲风情，全场掌声与音乐形成交响 总经理安铁成与副总经理米万德在致辞中，对中德员工及家属致总经理安铁成与副总经理米万德在致辞中，对中德员工及家属致以节日的问候，并以节日的问候，并表示表示在中德员工的共同努力下，公司克服了市场低迷在中德员工的共同努力下，公司克服了市场低迷的不良影响，取得了诸多不凡的业绩。
同时，伙伴共进计划的实施，的不良影响，取得了诸多不凡的业绩同时，伙伴共进计划的实施，促促进了进了中德员工之间的友谊，使双方的合作更加深入中德员工之间的友谊，使双方的合作更加深入350）） 理解过程our comprehension process1.In comprehension process, the first thing to do is to distinguish the major messages from the minor ones. （分清主次信息）The major messages are conveyed by translators through their use of subjects and predicates, and minor ones, their use of all kinds of modifers and adverbials.2.To make our version a good expressive effect, we need to pay attention to “diction” (choice of words); and to arrange all sentence elements in a good/logic order. For example, During the translation, first determine the major mesaage (using the predicates)and then the minor (using the adverbials and modifers).In the first pargraph, I finnd out 举办（hold, conduct, give, run, sponsor, host etc.） ；参加（attend， join in, participate in, take part in etc.) ；欢聚 (gather, meet, converge etc.)should be functioned as predicates. In the second paragraph, 播放；点燃; in the third paragraph,致以问候；克服；取得成绩；促进；使深入. I determine them as the P element. For举办；参加；欢聚; I respectively use “host”, “attend” and “happily gather”.Choice of words气氛热烈、祥和的气氛热烈、祥和的 radiant: beaming with love and joy洋溢幸福的；洋溢幸福的；congenial:pleasant to spend time with意气相投意气相投的，和气的的，和气的 auspicious: promising a sign of future success吉利吉利的，吉祥的的，吉祥的Employment of preps and nouns in the version. Sample Answer Our Company Hosted 2008 Christmas Gala• On December 6 in Shangri-La Hotel of Changchun, and in a radiant and congenial atmosphere, our company hosted a gala party in celebration of 2008 Christmas. President An Tiecheng, Vice President, Mi Wande and Ma Chen, Chairman of Trade Union, Mr. Wang Zeyi, along with German staff and their families, Chinese personnel involved in the collaboration project, altogether in a number of over 400 people, attended the party. For enhancement of the friendship between the two sides and for further advancement of this project, the honored guests from both China and German side happily gathered in the same hall to greet the arrival of this Christmas. Sample answer•A brief documentary about the company’s achievements of 2008 was first broadcast at the party. Then after a laser show against the Christmas music background, our company leaders together lit the first candle on the Christmas garland in a traditional German way to welcome Christmas, producing an effect of emotional interactivity with the German guests, bringing forth a strong flavor of European life to the party, and the entire hall applause being mixed with the music sounds into a symphony piece. •In their respective addresses, President An Tiecheng and Vice President Mi Wande extended their festive greetings to Sino-German employees and their families and noted that through the joint efforts by Sino-German staff the company has overcome the adverse effects of the market downturn and made some extraordinary achievements. Meanwhile, the implementation of the collaboration scheme has promoted the friendship between the Chinese and German employees and enabled a deeper cooperatation between the two parties. Use predicate element to to express major information and then use adverbials and modifers to express minor information1 先注意谓语的使用以表达主信息第一段：举办；参加；欢聚第二段：播放；点燃第三段：致以问候；克服；取得成绩；促进；使深入2 其次注意介词和名词的大量使用介词短语作状语：在热烈、祥和的气氛下；增进了中德双方的友情，促进了伙伴共进计划的向前推进分词短语的使用3 汉译英时最难处理的既是状语、定语。
处理好他们一切困难就迎刃而解了 Lecture Two A Brief Outline of China’s Translation History•Four peak periods of translation in China•First period from Eastern Han to Tang and Song•Stura translation is usu.further devided into three stages:•①①Between the end of Eastern Han and Three Kingdoms(AD 148—265) •《四十二章经》“The Sutra in Forty-two Sections” “the earliest Buddhist scripture translated by 迦叶摩腾Kasyapa-matanga竺兰法Dharmarakcha, two monks from Hindu came to China to do missionary work. •《安般守意经》 “Anapanasati Sutta”, one of the most influential translated scriptures by An Shigao—a Parthian, is generally accepted as the founding father of sutra translation in China.•Features of Early Sutra Translation•to teach the scripture through oral instruction but not through taking notes •②② Western and Eastern Jin Dynasties; Southern and Nothern Dynasties (AD265—589) •《众经目录》 “A Comprehensive Catalog of Scriptures” by Dao An;• Kumarajiva (鸠摩罗什鸠摩罗什344—413 ) totally translated 384 volumes, whose translation was considered appropriate in wording and expression and as close as possible to the original in style. He contributed a great deal to Buddhist culture of China and left valuable legacy to the posterity in terms of translation theory. •Paramatha (真谛真谛499—569 ):his translated works totalled 48 in 232 volumes, whose translation was remarked “mostly remaining faithful to the original though his language is a bit obscure”. He made a lecture tour around ancient China land. In all he is a prolific translator and worthy of the respect and admiration from his posterity. •③③ Sui, Tang , Northern Song Dynasty (AD589—1100 ) Xuan Zang(玄奘玄奘602—664 ) :the prototype of Tang Monk in the classic novel entitled “A Journey to the West”, the best-known translator of China, even of the world. He totally translated 1335 volumes, whose translation was the largest in quantity and highest in quality. He is quite well-informed of, consceintious and meticulous in his studies, also quite good at literal translation approach and skillful in the use of idioms for his translated works. Sanskrit(梵语）梵语）: an ancient language of India, Sanskrit is an INDO-EUROPEAN language and the holy books of the Hindu religion are written in Sanskrit. The modern languages of N. India, such as Hindi and Punjabi, developed from Sanskrit. (朗文当代英语大辞典朗文当代英语大辞典1548））Buddhism: a religon of E.S. and Central Asia, growing out of the teaching of the Buddha that one must be free of human desires in order to escape from the suffering that is necessary part of life. Followers of Buddhism believe in REINCARNATION （（=theidea that people are born again after they die, and that the next life depends on how well they behave in the previous life.(朗文当代英语大辞典朗文当代英语大辞典212) Sutra: a piece of Hindu holy writing (朗文当代英语大辞典朗文当代英语大辞典1777））佛经是对佛经是对佛教经典佛教经典的一种简略说法。
有广义和狭义两种汉文佛教经典总称为的一种简略说法有广义和狭义两种汉文佛教经典总称为“大藏经大藏经”，包括，包括印度印度和中国的佛教主要著述在内狭义的佛经专指经藏和中国的佛教主要著述在内狭义的佛经专指经藏 鸠摩罗什鸠摩罗什（梵文梵文：कुमारजीवकुमारजीव，Kumārajīva，334年－413年，一说350年－409年，又名鸠摩罗什婆鸠摩罗什婆、鸠鸠摩罗耆婆摩罗耆婆，汉语的意思为童寿，常略称为罗什罗什），是中国佛教中国佛教史上四大译师之一，南北朝时期佛教高僧真谛（499—569），梵文 Paramārtha， 原籍西天竺优禅尼国，出身婆罗门族少时博访众师，学通内外，尤精于大乘之说少时博览群书，精通佛理，立志周游诸国，弘阐佛法，不畏艰险，到达扶南国(约当今柬埔寨)真谛的翻译，大都保存了原本的面目文字虽然有些艰涩，或杂入他自己的解释，但从其师承来说，大体是正确的后来玄奘门下对其译文批判未免有过分之处真谛本人，也因其卓绝精神和丰富的译业(关于他译经的数量，诸书记载不同，或说共译48部232卷，或说38部117卷，要之都远比同时代的译人丰富)而受到后人的尊敬和纪念在中国佛教史上，他与鸠摩罗什( 344 ~ 413 ) 、玄奘（602～664）、义净（700—711）（另有一说为不空（743—774）），并称为四大译师而名垂不朽。
玄奘（玄奘（602年－年－664年），唐朝著名的年），唐朝著名的三藏法师三藏法师，汉传佛教史上最伟大的译经师之一，中国佛教法相，汉传佛教史上最伟大的译经师之一，中国佛教法相唯唯识宗识宗创始人俗姓陈，名袆，出生于河南创始人俗姓陈，名袆，出生于河南洛阳洛阳洛州缑氏县（今河南省洛州缑氏县（今河南省偃师市偃师市南境）他是南境）他是中国中国著名古典著名古典小说小说《《西游记西游记》》中心人物中心人物唐僧唐僧的原型上文注释均出自于百度百科） Significance of sutra translationAccording to Prof. Sun Ping(1) It enhanced the spreading of Buddhism in China;(2) It enriched the mind of ancient thinkers in China;(3) It largely influenced Chinese language, Chinese literature in language use, style and forms, etc. (4) It subsequently promoted the communication between the two civilized nations: ancient China and India;(5) All pursuits devoted to translation was the making of some famed translators and was appraised by posterity as “having paved the way for the establishment of translation theories of China’s own system.” 为我国自成一体的翻译理论体系打下了基础。
(参见孙萍Culture to turn & turn to culture. 203) The impact of sutra translation on Chinese language ★★佛教翻译大大丰富了汉语词汇和语言佛教翻译大大丰富了汉语词汇和语言 According to Liang Qichao(1873—1929), in Chinese Modern History, a political activist and agitator, thinker, reformist, educator, historian and a man of letters. One of the leaders of the Reform Movement of 1898, advocating to revolutionize the old styles and forms of poetry and fictions. His summary of two major word formations 梁启超总结的佛经翻译的两种主要构词方式梁启超总结的佛经翻译的两种主要构词方式:1)缀华语而别赋新意，缀华语而别赋新意， (by adding suffixes to create the new meaning)如，如，“真知真知”“法界法界”“无明无明”“众生众生”“因缘因缘”“果报果报”等。
等2)存梵音而变为熟语，存梵音而变为熟语，(by preserving pronunciation of the Sanskirt word)如如“涅槃涅槃”“般若般若”“瑜伽瑜伽”“禅那禅那”“刹那刹那”“由旬由旬” 等 汉语词汇融入了佛语Buddhist terms find its way into Chinese 涅槃：nirvana—the state of peace and happiness that a person achieves after giving up all personal desires.超脱生死的最高境界般若：prajna—highest wisdom 意味智慧瑜伽： yoga 1)a Hindiu philosophy that teaches you how control body and mind in the belief that you can become united with the spirit of the universe in this way，2) a system of exercises for your body and for controlling you breathing, used by people who want to become fitter or relax 禅那：dhyana(meditation for cleansing the mind) 刹那：ksana—an instant； in an instant, in a split second, in the twinkling of an eye（刹那为佛教时间用语,最小时间单位。
一刹那=一念 ； 二十念=一瞬； 二十瞬=一弹指；二十弹指=一罗预； 二十罗预=一；一天一夜有三十须臾）由旬：yojana (指一日行程，或行军路程；长度单位，佛教称16里现代俗称40里）汉语中，佛 魔 心是三个派生力最强的词根 佛(Buddha) ：佛祖(Buddha)，佛龛(niche for a statue of Buddha，佛门Buddhism，佛法无边The power of Buddha is infinite；魔：魔鬼(devil; demon)，魔力(magic power, charm)， 魔头(devil, demon)， 魔窟(den of monsters)，魔王(prince of the demons)，魔爪(devil’s claws)，魔掌(devil’s clutches)；心：心地(mind, state of mind, mood)，心田(heart)，心猿意马(fanciful and fickle, unsettled in mind)，心心相印(perfect communion of affection and thought)等 源自于佛经典籍的四字成语Four-letter Chinese idioms derived from Buddhist sutraIt is said that about 90 percent of the four-letter Chinese idioms are derived from Buddhist sutra. For example:天花乱坠 （accoding to a Chinese legend, Heaven was so deeply touched by the preaching of Monk Yunguang during the Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty that it rained flowers） to give an exaggerated account/description of sth; shoot one’ mouth off. 作茧自缚spin a cocoon around oneself; fall into a pit of one’s own digging; work agains one’s own interests 借花献佛present Buddha with borrowed flowers; to take the opportunity to toast sb. 万劫不复 beyond redemption, be doomed forever, 对牛弹琴play lute to a cow， cast pearls before swine, waste one’s breath, address the wrong audience五体投地:prostrate oneself on the ground in admiration, be knocked out with admiration三生有幸consider it a grat honor to do sth 本来面目, the reality of/ the nature/truth of sth, in one’s true colors. 译经对汉语语法的影响The impact of sutra translation on Chinese grammar•Inverted-order sentences are introduced in Chinese writings. •倒装： 如是我闻•Modal particles such as “于”are also introduced into the Chinese language. •引入助词“于”的被动式句：打骂于我；取笑于他。
引入“把” “将” “着” “了” “便” “就” •In all, the sutra translation has contributed a great deal to the birth of Vernacular Chinese. (对白话文的产生起了巨大作用） 佛经翻译对中国文学的影响The impact of sutra translation on Chinese Literature文学题材方面：1志怪小说（魏晋南北朝时期In literary subjects, a new genre/type novel “Weird Fictions’ began to appear in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. 志怪小说是中国古典小说形式之一，以记叙神异鬼怪故事传说为主体内容，产生和流行于魏晋南北朝，与当时社会宗教迷信和玄学风气以及佛教的传播有直接的关系志怪，就是记录怪异，主要指魏晋时代产生的一种以记述神仙鬼怪为内容的小说，也可包括汉代的同类作品志怪小说是受当时盛行的神仙方术之说而形成的侈谈鬼神、称道灵异的社会风气的影响之下形成的。
It is one of the typical genres of ancient Chinese classics, which mainly deals with the stories or tales of devils and monsters. It came into existence and started to gain popularity in Wei-Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties. Its birth has much to do with the religious beliefs, metaphysical sects as well as the spreading of Buddhism. 2 白话小说《西游记》，主要人物和故事基本取材于佛经 A Journey to the West” by Wu Chengen written in vernacular Chinese, the stories and the life of the main characters are based on Buddhist stories. The image of Monkey King is said to have derived from an acient Hindu’s epic. 孙悟空的形象源自印度古代史诗《罗摩衍那》中的神猴哈奴曼。
3 古典小说《红楼梦》体现很深的佛家观念小说第一回便从一僧一道开端，以女娲补天未用的一块奇石下凡为引子，将人生解读为一场大梦，透过贾府的盛衰兴亡表现“万法皆空，世事无常” The best Chinese classic novel “Red Mansion Dream” (the Stone Stories）renders a deep-going reflection of Buddhist ideas. In Chapter One the appearance of a monk and a Daoist is vividly depicted by Cao Xueqin, who starts his account by having a marvelous jade, which hasn’t been used by Nu Wa in time of her patching up the sky, to descend to the world as the introductory part of the novel. Life is interpreted as having a big dream. Through his dipction of the rise and fall of Jia’s Residence, he intends to demonstrate that “everything in life counts nothing and nothing turns out as one wills”.文学结构方面：In literary structure, the whole story is narrated in a prose style, and in-between the context, poems are inserted. 用散文体叙述，中间穿插“有诗为证”的诗词 文学语言方面 Even some poets may show their Buddhist thingking in poems. To take Wang Wei’s Deer Enclosure for example:唐代山水诗人王维 有“诗佛”之称。
他曾写 《鹿柴》一诗在诗中他把佛家理念加诸于自然景物，营造出一种 “空” “寂” “闲” 的禅定境界The landscape poet Wang Wei of Tang Dynasty is crowned by his posterity as “Poet Buddha”. He once wrote a poem entitled “Deer Enclosure”. In this poem, he puts Buddhist ideas inside the natural scenes and creates a meditating state of emptiness, quiteness and idleness. 《鹿柴》 空山不见人， 但闻人语响 返景入森林， 复照青苔上 Deer Enclosure Empty mountain:mo man is seen But voices of men are heard Sun's reflection reaches into the woods And shines upon the green moss. 叶维廉译 On the enpty mountains no one can be seen, But human voices are heard to resound. The reflected sunlight pierces the deep forest, And falls upon the mossy ground. 刘若愚译 2. Translation of Science and Technology(TST)Second period(1573—1722): ranges from the end of Ming Dynasty, Wanli(1573—1620) to the middle of Qing Dynasty, Kangxi.(1662—1722)Main purpose: introducing science and technology of Western countries Methods: Western missionaries and Chinese scholars cooperating with each otherRepresentatives of TST period: Xu Guangqi（徐光启（徐光启1562—16330:a famous mathmatician, scientist, agriculturist, military strageist and statesman during the reign of Wanli. His masterpieces: “Geometry”, his translated works in co-authorship of Matteo Ricci; and “Congzhen Calendar”, edited by himself through his use of Western calculation methods.Li Zhizao (李之藻李之藻1565—1630 ): as famous as Xu, translated and compiled many important works together with Xu and Matteo Ricci.Matteo Ricci (利玛窦利玛窦1552—1610 ) :he cooperated with Xu and Li in translating many science works and made immense contribution to the exchange of the two cultures between China and the West. (参见孙萍参见孙萍Culture to turn & turn to culture. 204））Significance: this era marks their promotion of the cultural exchange between China and Western countries, esp. their introduction of the civilized ideas of Western countries into China. 术语和人物注释•徐光启（徐光启（1562年年4月月24日－日－1633年年11月月10日），字子先，号玄扈，教日），字子先，号玄扈，教名保禄，汉族，名保禄，汉族，明朝明朝南直隶松江府上海县人，中国明末南直隶松江府上海县人，中国明末数学数学和科学家、和科学家、农学家、政治家、农学家、政治家、军事家军事家，官至礼部尚书、，官至礼部尚书、文渊阁大学士文渊阁大学士。
赠赠太子太太子太保保、、少保少保，谥文定徐光启也是，谥文定徐光启也是中西文化交流中西文化交流的先驱之一，是上海地的先驱之一，是上海地区最早的天主教徒，被称为区最早的天主教徒，被称为“圣教三柱石圣教三柱石”之首代表作品：译之首代表作品：译《《几几何原本何原本》》著著《《农政全书农政全书》《》《崇祯历书崇祯历书》《》《考工记解考工记解》》•李之藻（李之藻（1565—1630），字振之，一字我存，号凉庵居士，又号凉），字振之，一字我存，号凉庵居士，又号凉庵逸民，浙江仁和（今杭州）人，明代科学家，学识渊博，娴于天文庵逸民，浙江仁和（今杭州）人，明代科学家，学识渊博，娴于天文历算、数学历算、数学晓畅兵法，精于泰西之学晓畅兵法，精于泰西之学”，与徐光启齐名代表作，与徐光启齐名代表作品：译品：译《《同文算指同文算指》》著著《《浑盖通宪图说浑盖通宪图说》》 •利玛窦（利玛窦（Matteo Ricci，，1552年年10月月6日日—1610年年5月月11日），日），意大意大利利的耶稣会的耶稣会传教士传教士，学者明朝明朝万历年间来到万历年间来到中国中国居住其原名中文居住其原名中文直译为玛提欧直译为玛提欧·利奇，利玛窦是他的中文名字，号西泰，又号清泰、利奇，利玛窦是他的中文名字，号西泰，又号清泰、西江西江。
王应麟王应麟所撰所撰《《利子碑记利子碑记》》上说：上说：“万历万历庚辰庚辰有泰西儒士利玛窦，有泰西儒士利玛窦，号西泰，友辈数人，航海九万里，观光中国号西泰，友辈数人，航海九万里，观光中国代表作品：代表作品：《《天主实天主实义义》》，，《《辩学遗牍辩学遗牍》》，，《《畸人十篇畸人十篇》》，，《《天主教要天主教要》》 3. Translation of Western Natural and Social SciencesThird period: from the Opium War to the May Fourth Movement(1839—1911)Representatives of this era: Li Shanlan（李善兰）, Xu Shou（徐寿）, Hua Hengfang（华蘅芳）John Fryer（傅兰雅）; Yan Fu (严复严复): It is his translation of “Evolution and Ethics” that has changed people’s attitudes towards the introduction of Western ideas into China. He also established such translation principles “faithfullness, expressiveness and elegance”, later on received great attention from the translator community. Lin Shu (林纾林纾) his translation :The Lady of the Camellias (French: La Dame aux camélias). He is generally regarded as one of the greatest pioneers/trailblazers of the novel translation in the contemporary translator community. Lu Xun(鲁迅）Qu Qiubai（瞿秋白）Mao Dun（茅盾） Guo Moruo（郭沫若）(参见孙萍参见孙萍Culture to turn & turn to culture. 205）） Significance: 1. It contributed to the introduction of Western political and academic ideas of modern times into China, broadened the horizon of Chinese intellectuals and paved the way for the establishment of translation theory of China’s own system. 2.It also gave impetus to the birth of the New Culture Movement , the cultural exchange between China and foreign countries, enriched people’s spiritual life, developed and thrived Chinese language, etc. •李善兰李善兰(1811—1882),原名李心兰原名李心兰,字竟芳字竟芳,号秋纫号秋纫,别号壬叔别号壬叔.生于生于 1811 年年1 月月2 日日,浙江海宁浙江海宁人人,是近代著名的是近代著名的数学数学,天文学天文学,力学和植物力学和植物学家，创立了二次平方根的幂级数展开式学家，创立了二次平方根的幂级数展开式,各种三角函数各种三角函数,反三角函数反三角函数和对数函数的幂级数展开式和对数函数的幂级数展开式,这是李善兰也是这是李善兰也是19 世纪中国数学界最重世纪中国数学界最重大的成就。
大的成就•徐寿徐寿(1818—1884) 字生元，号雪村，字生元，号雪村，江苏江苏无锡无锡人，人，清清末科学家，中国末科学家，中国近代化学的启蒙者徐寿初为近代化学的启蒙者徐寿初为安庆军械所安庆军械所工程技术人员，参与制造工程技术人员，参与制造中中国国第一台第一台蒸汽机蒸汽机和第一艘和第一艘轮船轮船；后在上海；后在上海江南制造总局江南制造总局创办翻译馆并创办翻译馆并参与主持翻译西方科技书籍工作，其译著有参与主持翻译西方科技书籍工作，其译著有《《化学鉴原化学鉴原》》、、《《化学考化学考质质》》、、《《西艺知新西艺知新》》、、《《化学求数化学求数》》、、《《法律医学法律医学》》等；主要介绍西等；主要介绍西方近代方近代化学化学，并创造，并创造汉字汉字命名命名化学元素化学元素；在；在上海上海参与创办了中国近代参与创办了中国近代第一所教授科技的学校第一所教授科技的学校--格致书院格致书院，同时出版了中国第一份科技方面，同时出版了中国第一份科技方面的的期刊期刊《《格致汇编格致汇编》》 •华蘅芳华蘅芳(1833—1902年年)，字若汀，中国清末数学，字若汀，中国清末数学家家﹑翻译家和教育家江苏无锡县荡口镇人。
出翻译家和教育家江苏无锡县荡口镇人出生于世宦门第，少年时酷爱数学，遍览当时的各生于世宦门第，少年时酷爱数学，遍览当时的各种数学书籍青年时游学上海，与著名数学家李种数学书籍青年时游学上海，与著名数学家李善兰交往，李氏向他推荐西方的代数学和微积分善兰交往，李氏向他推荐西方的代数学和微积分1861年为曾国藩擢用，和同乡好友徐寿（字雪村）年为曾国藩擢用，和同乡好友徐寿（字雪村）一同到安庆的军械所，绘制机械图并造出中国最一同到安庆的军械所，绘制机械图并造出中国最早的轮船早的轮船“黄鹄黄鹄”号他曾三次被奏保举，受到号他曾三次被奏保举，受到洋务派器重，一生与洋务运动关系密切，成为这洋务派器重，一生与洋务运动关系密切，成为这个时期有代表性的科学家之一个时期有代表性的科学家之一 4. Translation After the Founding of PRC•The first stage: the stage before the ten years of upheaval (introducing revolutionary theories). Collected works of MELSM were translated and published. •The second stage: the stage after the ten years of upheaval. In this stage translation is done in almost every field, every branch of learning. With the increasing frequency of academic exchanges, the scope of translation keeps on enlarging, the quantity of translation works has been on steady increase, and the number of translators is growing bigger and bigger. •马祖毅提出的四大翻译高潮：•1东汉至唐宋的佛经翻译•2 明末清初的西学翻译•3 鸦片战争至五四运动的西学翻译•4 改革开放后八九十年代的翻译•谢天振在《中西翻译简史》中提出的三个主要阶段•佛经翻译阶段sutra translation•文学翻译阶段literary translation（十九世纪六七十年代—二十世纪八十年代）•实用文献翻译阶段non-fiction/scientific literature translation（1978年改革开放以来） Let the world accept China and understand more of China•Translation service is publicly regarded as a comercial profit-earning activity with society-oriented and market-oriented features. It is a new upsurge in the tertiary sector, which comes under the catgory of technological service industry. According to a recent incomplete statistics, the output value of China’s translation market approximately amounts to 30 billion yuan RMB. With the further strengthening of China’s economy, in order to make China internationally prestigeous,our translators’ present task is to let the world accept China and understand more of China. •Apparently, C-E traslation work has become more important than ever! I take pride in living in this golden age. Topics for discussion•1 Do you think sutra translation has made great impacts on Chinese language? If yes, what are they? Can you illustrate them with some examples?•2 Do you believe in Buddhism? Does it still influence us quite much nowadays? Give your comments on its advantages amd disadvantages. •3 What tasks should translators assume in present-day China? Lecture Three A Brief Introduction to Western Translation History 谭载喜把西方翻译史划为六个时期：1发轫于公元前四世纪的肇始阶段(the mid-period of Roman Empire)2罗马帝国的后期至中世纪 (from the late Roman Empire times to Middle Ages)3 中世纪时期 (Middle Ages: from 500 to1500)4 文艺复兴时期 (the Renaissance: from1400 to1600)5 近代翻译时期(the Modern Times: from 17 th century to the first half of 20 th century)6第二次世界大战结束至今(the Contemporary Times：from the end of World War Ⅱto present) Four Periods in Western Translation History(孙萍教授划分法）孙萍教授划分法）•Translation in Ancient Times (from 4th century BC to 500 AD）2. Translation in the Middle Ages(from 500 AD to 1400)3. Translation in the Renaissance(from 1400 to 1600)4. Translation in Modern Times(from 1600 to present)★I’ simply give an account of some epoach-making events ,and then certain contributions made by translators and translation theorists. ★《七十子希腊文本》 Septuagint⑴⑴公元前258-249年，《七十子希腊文本》Septuagint，在埃及亚历山大城问世。
西方古代第一部重要译作，将《圣经·旧约》希伯来语译成希腊语文本译文特点：多人合作；准确性有所保障 Between 258-249 BC, Septuagint came into existence in Alexander, Egypt. It is the first important translated works ---the rendering of Old Testament from Hebrew into Greek by 72 Jewish scholars, and the feature of which is deemed by posterity as “having been completed by numerous hands and its language accuracy has thus been ensured”. Note: Hebrew(希伯来语): the language used by the Jews, in ancient times and at present据《阿里斯狄亚书简》（Letter of Aristeas）记载，公元前三世纪埃及国王托勒密二世请求耶路撒冷(Jerusalem)的主教埃里扎尔派译员到亚历山大城承担《旧约》的翻译工作。
于是，七十二名“高贵的”犹太学者会集在亚历山大图书馆，造就了著名的《七十贤士译本》据传，这七十二名鸿儒来自十二个以色列部落，每个部落六名十二个以色列部落实际就是犹太人的全部 （★安德罗尼柯译荷马史诗奥德赛）(2)约250年，里维乌斯·安德罗尼柯在罗马把荷马史诗《奥德赛》译成拉丁文 Around 250 BC, Livius Andronics (BC 284-204)---the founder of Roman epic poems and dramas and the translator in the earliest Roman Empire. He translated Homer’s epic “Odyssey” from Greek into Latin. It is the first traslated Odyssey and is featured by replacement of names of Greek Gods with those of Roman Gods. For example, Zeus is replaced with Jupiter and Hermes with Mercury.His contribution, does not lie in the rendering itself but in his having introduced Greek epic poems and dramas to Roman society and in making the style and the rythems of Greek poems adaptable to those of Latin, which has made great impact on European dramas. Note: Homer：a Greek poet who probably lived around 800 to 700 years BC. He is known as a very great poet and for his two EPIC poems, the ILIAD and the ODYSSEY,which tell the stories of characters such as ACHILLES and ODYSSEUS,and the Greek War against Troy, which have had great influence on European literature.朗文当代英语大辞典 841 Odyssey：the story of Odysseus’ ten-year journey home after the TROJAN WAR, as told by Homer 朗文当代英语大辞典 1221 西方翻译界第一位有影响的翻译理论家:西塞罗(3)公元前52-44 西塞罗发表《论最优秀的演说家》、《论善与恶之定义》，区分“作为解释员的翻译“（即非创造性翻译）与作为演说家的翻(即创造性翻译），由此开拓了翻译理论的研究园地。
Between 52 and 44 BC, Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43BC) respectively published “De optimo genere oratorum” and “De finibus bonorum et malorum”, in which he made a clear distinction between “narrator’s style” (being non-creative) and “orator’s style(being creative), and thus blazed a rail with his fundamental views in the field of translation studies. He emphasizes the importance of doing liberal translation, and according to his theory, translation is a form of literary creation Note：Cicero: a Roman politician who was known as an orator and is considered to be one of the greatest Latin writers. •马尔库斯·图留斯·基凯罗（Marcus Tullius Cicero，前106年1月3日 - 前43年12月7日），常据英文读音译为西塞罗，是古罗马着名演说家和政治家，被誉为“拉丁语雄辩家”、散文家。
生平 西塞罗生于Arpinum，在逃避政敌的时候被杀害于Formia泰勒写道（见索引）：“毫不夸张地说，西塞罗把罗马的公共生活引入了最辉煌的岁月，并随着他的去世而结束，他立于这岁月的摇篮中，他跟随着这岁月的灵车西塞罗出身世家，先後在着名的修辞学家、法学家和斯多噶派哲学家所办的学校接受教育从事过律师工作，後进入政界，公元前64年当选为执政官在罗马共和国末期，因坚持共和制而被处死 （古代翻译）小结：summary西方古代翻译，从古罗马帝国的鼎盛时期到古罗马帝国的灭亡，经过了700多年，分为两大发展阶段 The traslation period saw the rise and fall of Roman Empire and lasted for over 700 years and it can be classified into two major historical stages. 在第一阶段， 把古希腊文学特别是荷马史诗和戏剧首次介绍到罗马，从而促进了罗马文学的产生和发展，并为后世欧洲各国继承古希腊文化起了重要的桥梁作用In the first stage, the introduction of ancient Greek Literature and especially Homer’s epic poems and dramas to Rome for the first time accelerates the birth and development of the Roman literature and has been functioning as a bridge for the posterity of every nation of Europe to pass on/inherit the cultural essence of the Ancient Greece. 在第二阶段即大规模的宗教翻译阶段，圣经以及其他神学著作的翻译，逐渐取得了与世俗文学翻译并驾齐驱的地位，并在以后长时间里超过了世俗文学的翻译，成为西方翻译的主流。
The second stage, is also labelled as the period of large-scale translating of religious materials, gradually the translation of Bible and other theological works runs neck and neck with popular literature and a long since it overtakes the translation of popular literature and has been a mainstream in western Europe’s translation history. 中世纪翻译2. Translation in the Middle AgesThree important marks:(1)Manlius Boethius (波伊提乌)(2)Torito Translation Seminary (托莱多翻译院)(3)and the translation in national languages(民族语翻译) （1）公元500年，波依提乌翻译亚里士多德的作品，引起探讨亚里士多德哲学思想的热潮。
Manlius Boethius (480-524) completed his translation of many Aristotle’s phylosophical works and aroused a big craze for discussion of Aristotle phylosophies. （2）Torito Translation Seminary (托莱多翻译院)•Torito is a historical town in Spain. In the mid-stage of the Middle Ages, it was once conquered by Muslims and was under the reign of Muslims. In 1085, the Spaniards took back the control of this town and later it became one of the most important cultural centres in Europe. •托莱多翻译院的三大特点：1 翻译活动得到教会的资助； 2 翻译的作品主要是希腊作品的阿拉伯语译本；3 托莱多是当时西班牙的教育中心和穆斯林学术中心。
•Three major features: 1 Most of the translation work is patronized/sponsored by the Church; 2 The translated works mainly include the Arabian versions/renderings of the Greek theological works; 3 It was then regarded as the educational center and Muslim’s Academic Studies Center in Spain. 托莱多翻译院 历史意义：1它标志着基督教和穆斯林教之间罕有的一次友好接触 ;2 带来东方人思想 ，传播了古希腊文化，活跃了西方的学术空气，推动了西方文化发展；3 成为西班牙乃至西欧教育中心 Historical significance: ① It marks a rare friendly cultural contact between Muslim and Chrisitanity;② It brings about ideas of the Orient people to westerners, enlivening the academic atmosphere in the west and giving great impetus to the development of western culture; ③ It has become one of the key educational centers in Spain and even in Western Europe. 民族语翻译(3)The translation in national languages made appearance at the end of Middle Ages. It refers to the rendering of Greek or Latin works into the language of any European nations, such as German ,French , English or Russian etc.•中世纪翻译理论原则：(谭载喜总结）•1 翻译必须严格模仿原文的语言风格和语法；•Strict adhereance to imitating linguistic style and grammar of the source language;•2 翻译必须尊重译文语言的自然规则，使用百姓中流行的口语。
•Due respect for the natural law of the target/receptor language and esp. for the colloquism popular among plain clothes civilians. •3. Translation in the Renaissance•The Renaissance: the period in Europe from about 1400 to about 1600, when the art, literature, and ideas of the ancient world, especially ancient Greece, began to be studied again, causing new interest and acitvity in all these subjects. The Renaissance affected most of western Europe, but it is connected especially with Italy, and famous artist of this period include Leonardo de Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. •significance: studying and reviving classical culture, developing and spreading new cultures and new ideas, marking the great development of art and literature, strengthening and developing national languages. The Contribution of Dante & Bruni to Translation但丁Dante(1265-1321)1 但丁在《论俗语》和《飨宴》中阐述了他的翻译观：“……要让大家懂得，任何富于音乐、和谐的作品都不可能译成另一种语言而不破坏其全部优美的和谐感。
……” 开启西方翻译史上“不可译论”的先河Dante has gone down in literature history by his masterpiece Divine Comedy. His undestanding of translation is unique . In his “De vulgari eloquentia” and “Convivio”, he indicates that “let everyone understand that any piece of art works rich in music and harmony can’t be put into another language without spoiling its entire elegance and harmony. This view is deemed as having broken a path for present-day studies of “intranslatability”. 2 2 布鲁尼Leonardo Bruni(1369-1444)曾任佛罗伦萨的执政官。
代表译作《佛罗伦萨史》他认为译者的主要任务是：“要能把握原文的韵律和节奏，尤其是原作特有的风格译者在翻译时要全身心投入，努力保持原作的风格”He once served as Lord Councillor of Floerance,Italy. Masterpiece: History of Floerance. He thinks that the main task of a translator is that he is able to grasp the rhyme and rhythem, and esp. the unique features of the source text. In course of translation, he ought to devote himself entirely to his work, making every endeavour to sustain/keep the features of the source text. 多雷、阿米欧的翻译贡献多雷Etiene Dolet(1509-1546) chiefly known as a humanist, publisher, scholar and translator in France history. 他提出的翻译五原则在西方翻译史上具有很高学术价值。
然而，正是翻译让多雷惹了大祸他翻译的一则柏拉图对话录因缺少了几个字，而被宗教法庭处以死刑被后世称为”文艺复兴时期第一位殉道者“The Five Translation Principles he established is of high academic value in translation history. However, it is his translation incurs him a dreadful trouble. He was condemned to the stake (burned to death) by the church court for lack of several words in his translated Plato Dialogue and is remembered by posterity as “the first martyr of the Renaissance”. 1译者必须理解所译作品的内容；a full uderstanding of the works to be rendered;2 译者必须通晓所译语言和译文语言；fluency/ proficiency in both laguages;3译者必须避免逐词对译，因为逐词对译损原意的传达和语言的美感；avoid word-by-word translation for such may spoil beauty of the source text;4译者必须采用通顺的语言形式；expressing with smoothness5译者必须通过选词和调整词序使译文产生色调适当的效果。
Achieve proper effet through diction and rearrangement or word order. 阿米欧Jacques Amyot (1513-1593) 他得到国王弗朗索瓦一世的支持和赞助共花了17年时间翻译了《希腊罗马名人比较列传》，质量极高，据说给莎士比亚的戏剧创作提供了素材 Known as a translator in history and under the support and sponsorship of French King FranciosⅠ, he spent 17 years in completing the translation of “Vies des hommes illustres” and whose translation is thought of highly by posterity and is said to provide the source materials for Shakespeare’s play-script writing. •廷代尔、诺斯、荷兰德等人的翻译活动•廷代尔：英国第一部印刷出版的圣经版本的译者。
熟练运用7种语言 1525译圣经新约并出版1534年出版圣经旧约译本1536年被教会以异教徒名义处以火刑•诺斯译《希腊罗马名人比较列传》（阿米欧法语本）被认为是伊丽莎白一世时期最重要也是最上乘的作品•荷兰德被称为是伊丽莎白一世时期的“总翻译家”译 《罗马史》、《博物学》、《十二凯撒传》等 •文艺复兴对西方文化、文学及艺术的发展起着至关重要的作用，人们释放出探索世界的热情，通过翻译接触并传承了古典文化，促进了各民族语言的成熟，为民族文学的诞生做出了贡献•这时期的翻译有两个特征：•1翻译的对象是宗教和古典作品古希腊和古罗马时期的文学、艺术、哲学等被大量翻译成各个民族语言；圣经翻译进入了一个新阶段•2这一时期的翻译主流仍是从拉丁语到各个民族语言的翻译民族语言开始了翻译交流 Topics for discussion •1 Give a brief account of Cicero’s views on translation. •2 What role has the Renaissance played in promoting the Western culture？•3 What are the main features of translation activities during the Renaissance? 翻译练习翻译练习3 一汽一汽-大众二十周年纪念典藏集大众二十周年纪念典藏集—— 2006-2011年辉煌历程集粹年辉煌历程集粹•20年，是一代人的成长，是梦想的成长； 1991年2月6日，梦想诞生在中国长春，冰雪消融，万物更新，一汽－大众人在改革开放的春风风下，逐梦、圆梦！•20年，是一条运河，运载着创世者的希望，搏浪弄潮。
她的成长不但繁荣了中国汽车市场，技术上率先与国际接轨，有效促进国内零部件体系的提升，并始终肩负着构筑美好未来的社会责任每一个春秋和冬夏，信念与担当，跋涉与欢乐，荣辱与共，戮力同心！•20年，是一部青春的史诗，从咿呀学步到稳步前行一颗蓬勃的心，正在奏响青春的进行曲漫舞优雅的曲线，变革着审美的目光；激昂轰鸣的引擎，鼓舞着奋发进取的力量之所谓不老的青春，因为这是不朽的乐章，没有任何时空的束缚！ An Album in Memory of 20 th Anniversary of FAW-Volkswagen's FoundingHighlights of Glorious Experience between 2006 and 2011•20-year span marks the growth of one generation as well as the fulfilment our company's dream; this dream was born in Changchun, China on Feburary 6 th, 1991---when snow and ice being melted and everything taking on a new look, all FAW-VW staff were pursuing their dream in the spring breeze of reform and opening-up.•经润色后的译文：经润色后的译文：•A span of 20 years represents a generation's growth and a company's dream to reach maturity. Feburary 6th, 1991--- when ice and snow getting melted and everything taking on a new look, the dream was born in Changchun, China. Exactly it was under the tremendous influence of reform and opening-up that all staff of FAW-Volkswagen have used their best endeavours to pursue and attain this dream. •20-year span is a cannal, carrying our pioneers' hope to defy economic storms and waves. •Her growth turns out a thriving China auto market, by way of our first being technologically geared to international standards, of our effective promotion of the home spare parts systems. Also, we have unremittingly taken on the social responsibility to build a beautiful future; and under any circumstances we shall be committed to it with one mind and through weal and woe!•20-year span is a canal, which carries the Creator's wish to conquer tidal waves. By FAW-Volkswagen's first being technologically geared to international standards and her effective promotion of the home spare parts systems, it is claimed that, her growth has turned out a thriving China auto market. Meanwhile, all staff have always taken "building a bright future" as their obligation to society. Summer or winter, on trek or in glee, weal and woe, with same beliefs and responsibilities, they put in great effort at work! •20-year span is an epic of youth, recording our experience from babbling toddlerhood to manhood. A heart with thriving vitality is playing a youthful march, while the graceful dancing curve is changing one’s aesthetic appreciation, and the excitingly roaring engine is inspiring our enterprising power. What is called ageless youth can be attributed to this immortal musical movement without any temporal and spatial bondage.• recording a period from a toddler to a steadily-paced strider. •4. Translation in Modern Times•The first stage: from 17 to 19 century (translation theory — Golden Age)•The second stage: from the beginning of the 20th century to the middle of 1980s (focal point of translation — modern literature works, especially works of Russia and Northern Europe) 翻译练习3 •一汽ˉ大众二十周年纪念典藏集•—— 2006-2011年辉煌历程集粹•20年，是一代人的成长，是梦想的成长； 1991年2月6日，梦想诞生在中国长春，冰雪消融，万物更新，一汽－大众人在改革开放的春风风下，逐梦、圆梦！•20年，是一条运河，运载着创世者的希望，搏浪弄潮。
她的成长不但繁荣了中国汽车市场，技术上率先与国际接轨，有效促进国内零部件体系的提升，并始终肩负着构筑美好未来的社会责任每一个春秋和冬夏，信念与担当，跋涉与欢乐，荣辱与共，戮力同心！•20年，是一部青春的史诗，从咿呀学步到稳步前行一颗蓬勃的心，正在奏响青春的进行曲漫舞优雅的曲线，变革着审美的目光；激昂轰鸣的引擎，鼓舞着奋发进取的力量之所谓不老的青春，因为这是不朽的乐章，没有任何时空的束缚！ 古代翻译⑵ 约250年，里维乌斯·安德罗尼柯在罗马把荷马史诗《奥德赛》译成拉丁文Around 250 BC, Livius Andronics (BC 284-204) translated Homer’s epic “Oddesy” from Greek into Latin. It is the first traslated Oddesy and is featured by replacement of names of Greek Gods with those of Roman Gods. For example, Zeus is replaced with Jupiter and Hermes with Mercury.⑶ 公元前210-150 罗马戏剧家大量翻译、改编希腊戏剧；翻译由逐词模仿变为灵活发挥。
Between 210 and 150 BC, Roman dramtists translated and adapted a great number of Greek dramas. Their translation methods have been changed from word-by-word/literal imitation to more flexible/liberal ones. 古代翻译(3)公元前52-44 西塞罗发表《论最优秀的演说家》、《论善与恶之定义》，区分“作为解释员的翻译“（即非创造性翻译）与作为演说家的翻译（即创造性翻译），由此开拓了翻译理论的研究园地 Between 52 and 44 BC, Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43BC) respectively published “De optimo genere oratorum” and “De finibus bonorum et malorum”, in which he made a clear distinction between “narrator’s style” (being non-creative) and “orator’s style(being creative), and thus blazed a rail with his fundamental views in the field of translation studies. (5) 公元前20年，贺拉斯发表《诗艺》，主张活译，反对直译。
In 20 BC，Quintus Horatius Flaccus(65-8BC) had his “Ars poetica” published, in which he advocated to traslate liberally rather than literally. (6) 昆体良发表演说术原理，提出翻译与原作 “竞争”之媲美 In 95 AD., Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (35?-95?) published “De institutione oratoria”, in which he mentioned” the version can rival the original”. 古代翻译(7)公元383-405，哲罗姆译出《通俗拉丁文本圣经》，提出文学翻译用意译、圣经翻译用直译的主张 Between 383-405, St. Jerome(347-420) first completed the translation of Bible into Latin entitled “Editio vulgata”, in which he comes up with the idea of “to translate literary works by way of liberal translation but to translate Bible by way of literal translation”. (8) 397—428奥古斯丁发表《论基督教育》等著作，阐述语言和符号理论，提出圣经翻译靠上帝感召的观点。
Between 397-428, St. Augustine published “De doctrina christiana”, in which he expounds much on linguistic and semotic theories and puts forward his view “bible translation hinges on the inspiration or influence from the God”. 中世纪翻译(9)公元500年，波依提乌翻译亚里士多德的作品，引起探讨亚里士多德哲学思想的热潮•Manlius Boethius (480-524) completed his translation of many Aristotle’s phylosophical works and aroused a big craze for discussion of Aristotle phylosophies. (10) 公元555 ，卡西奥多鲁创立“猎园寺”，组织僧侣研究翻译古籍In 555, Cassiodorus founded “Vivarium” and arranged monks to be engaged in the study and translation of ancient classic works. 中世纪翻译•590-604 教皇格列高利一世在寓所建立教廷翻译机构，从事事务性翻译工作。
•700-800，基督教深入日耳曼人地区， 出现第一部《圣经》德译本，由此产生德语文字 •800-900， 拉丁语与日耳曼语互译的活动频繁；阿尔弗烈德国王组织英国学者大量翻译拉丁作品和圣经 中世纪翻译 中世纪翻译 中世纪翻译 中世纪翻译 ⑸⑹ ⑸⑹Famous events: Homer’s Odyssey translated by Andronicus (安德罗尼柯) from Greek into Roman in the middle of 3rd century B.C.; Famous translators: Andronicus, Naevius（涅维乌斯）and Ennius（恩尼乌斯）The first translation theorist: Cicero（西塞罗）. Since Cicero, translation began to be viewed as literary and artistic creation. Later on, many problems were raised one after another, among which the two kinds of translations — literal translation and idiomatic translation put forth by him established the orientation of the study of translation for later generations. •2. Translation in the Middle Ages•three important marks: Manlius Boethius (波伊提乌), Torito Translation Seminary (托莱多翻译院), and the translation in national languages •3. Translation in the Renaissance•significance: studying and reviving classical culture, developing and spreading new cultures and new ideas, marking the great development of art and literature, strengthening and developing national languages. •4. Translation in Modern Times•The first stage: from 17 to 19 century (translation theory — Golden Age)•The second stage: from the beginning of the 20th century to the middle of 1980s (focal point of translation — modern literature works, especially works of Russia and Northern Europe) 翻译练习翻译练习2致一汽致一汽-大众奥运火炬手大众奥运火炬手公司各位同仁：公司各位同仁： 大家好！ 在我们即将告别2007年的时候，首先代表公司感谢日夜奋战在工作岗位上的一汽－大众各位员工，是你们的辛勤工作带给企业源源不断的发展动力、更带给企业无限的生机与活力。
展望即将到来的2008年，我们心中不禁无限向往：北京2008奥运会正向我们走来 作为北京2008年奥运会唯一的汽车合作伙伴，即将开始传递的奥运圣火激荡着我们每一位一汽－大众人的心，因为我们公司将有一批杰出员工，被授予一项至高荣誉——成为一汽-大众的奥运火炬手，他们将要代表企业参加奥运圣火的传递，这对于公司来讲是件盛事对于当选的火炬手来讲，更赋有特别的人生意义 随着公司办公室奥运小组同公司工会对奥运火炬手候选人审核工作的推进，目前已初步确认了57名奥运火炬手候选人，他们将有机会手持火炬，参与到向全世界展示“更快、更高、更强”的奥林匹克精神的队伍之中去，双脚踏遍神州大地，抒写和铸就人生另一页光彩的篇章 托起圣火，承载一汽－大众骄傲与梦想！在此，我代表一汽-大众全体员工，向他们表示祝贺，并预祝奥运火炬手选拔活动圆满成功！ A Letter to Olympic Torch Bearers from FAW-VolkswagenTo all colleagues: Hello, everyone! On the very occasion of our bidding farewell to the year 2007, on behalf of our company’s management, firstly I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to all FAW-Volkswagen staff working hard night and day at their different work posts. And it is right your painstaking work that injects a steady stream of motive power into our enterprise and gives an infinite life and vitality to it. Looking to the oncoming year 2008, we cannot help but feel an infinite yearning : Beijing 2008 Olympiad is coming towards us soon. The upcoming torch relay has enthralled the mind of everyone at FAW-Volkswagen. For, being the exclusive auto business partner with IOC for 2008 Beijing Olympiad, from our company there will be a group of outstanding staff to be elected and be conferred on this paramount honor — the Olympic torch bearers. They will represent the company to complete the torch relay mission at the Games. To our company, this is indeed an event of tremandous significance; to the torch bearers elected, this is of ever more special meaning to their life. With the verification of the candiacy for torch-bearers being pushed ahead by our Bearers’Election Board and Trade Union, right now, there are 57 persons having been preliminarily confirmed as candidates for torch-bearer’s position. They will have the opportunity to hold Olympic torches and to particpate in the contingent to display the ‘Citus, Altius, Fortius’ Olympic spirit to the whole world. By the time of their feet traversing the Divine Land, they will have written and depicted another brilliant chapter of their life. Let them hold aloft this holy flame and carry forward the pride and dream of FAW-Volkswagen! Herein, on behalf of all the staff of FAW-Volkswagen, I would like to tender them my warmest congratulations and would also like to wish beforehand this torch bearer election campaign a complete success! President An Tiecheng December 24, 2007 。