山西大学硕士学位论文斗栱大木构件技术初探-----兼论北汉镇国寺万佛殿姓名：王琦申请学位级别：硕士专业：科学技术史指导教师：高策2009-06I 摘 要 中国古代建筑以木结构闻名于世，建于北汉天会七年（公元 963 年）镇国寺万佛殿，被梁思成先生誉为“五代木构建筑的罕贵的孤例”保存下来的万佛殿作为一座典型的宗教建筑，具有完备的宗教体现和时代特征，体现了五代时期的建筑特征和文艺特征 中国古代木建筑的精髓在斗栱斗栱是一个十分复杂的部件，一组斗栱是由若干个斗和栱组合而成的斗栱这个既作为结构又作为装饰的建筑构件，在中国民族建筑文化的发展演变史中，具有关键的作用，它几乎贯穿了整个中国民族建筑的历程所以说斗栱不仅是我国大型木构建筑的一种承重构件，并且在其身上饱含了更多的文艺价值和史学价值 本文以斗栱为切入点，结合五代万佛殿斗栱的特色，简要地介绍了斗栱的组成、分类等涉及的几个重要相关概念；阐述了斗栱的起源、演变历程与功能；主要论述了斗栱的技术特征和文艺特征；并且针对万佛殿斗栱进行了简要分析，探讨了它所独有的特色和价值，分析了其用材及保存原因 斗栱的组成包括斗、栱、昂、枋四种基本构件以及耍头和衬枋头两种附属构件。
斗栱可以按照不同的分类方式进行分类，其功能主要有伸挑出檐、传递载荷、减小跨度、减震消能、艺术装饰等斗栱的起源说法各异，但是都谈到了承檐结构的发展斗栱的演变主要有三个阶段，镇国寺万佛殿斗栱正处于第二阶段（成熟阶段）和第三阶段（趋于装饰化）的过渡时期，体现出了明显的承上启下的特征斗栱的不同组成部分具有不同的受力特征和作用，各个构件相互制约、相互协调、相互呼应，组合成一个能够共同承担并传递荷载的整体，构成一个稳定的建筑结构体系 斗栱有着丰富的文化底蕴，不仅反映了我国古代卓越的建筑技术水平，也反映了高超的艺术成就斗栱一般总是应用在较大型重要的建筑物上，标榜等级和身份的一种建筑文化符号万佛殿的斗栱继承了唐代的风格，上下共有四层，称为七铺作，总高超过了柱高的三分之二，说明它的建筑级别相当高，这在历代寺庙建筑中极为罕见万佛殿作为皇家敕造的佛教寺庙，体现了统治者们希望能借佛教的力量兴国安邦，对国人百姓推行普遍的道德伦理教化，保境安民的愿望万佛殿是中国大陆所存最古老的木构建筑之一，其保存和保护具有重要的价值万佛殿能够保存II 至今与山西平遥当地的地理条件、气候条件以及当地的政治、经济、民俗习惯、宗教信仰等有着密切的关系。
我国各个时期的古木建筑不仅反映当时当地的建筑水平和建筑艺术水平，同时也从另一个侧面反映了一个时代的政治、经济、文化科学技术的部分发展情况因此，研究传统木构建筑对我们今天来说具有特殊的意义和价值，而且保护中国传统木构建筑的意义也重大深远 关键词：斗栱；镇国寺万佛殿；技术特征；文艺特征；古建筑保护 III Abstract The ancient wooden architecture in china has a centuries-old history, it has a lot of great achievement, and has a lot of miracles, DouGong is one of the miracles. In the 963 A.D., the ruler of Northern Han Dynasty built a temple which named Jingcheng temple (recalled Zhenguo temple later). Wanfodian building in Zhenguo known as “The most valuable and rare building in the Five Dynasty period” (By Professor Sicheng Liang). As a typical ancient religious wooden construct, ZhenGuoSi Wanfodian has plentiful messages to response the architectural and artistic features for WuDai dynasty. DouGong is the best feature of timber structure of Chinese architecture. DouGong is composed of Dou and Gong. DouGong has not only structure functions but also ornamental function. DouGong has the important function during the development of Chinese national construction. It has more artistic value and historical value than a big wooden bearing building, but also has more artistic value and historical value. In this paper, we conclude the composition, classification and some major conceptions of DouGong. At the same time, the origin, development process and performance of DouGong are studied, and in this paper structure technology and literature characteristic of DouGong are introduced. On the base of the study for DouGong, the DouGong of Wanfodian is concisely analyzed, and discusses its unique characteristic and value, and the reasons of its preservation are concisely analyzed. DouGong comprises four basic components and two accessorial components. They are Dou, Gong, Ang, Fang and ShuaTou, ChenFangTou. DouGong could classify according to the different classification. The main functions of DouGong are stetched out, load, reduced eaves span, energy absorption and the building decoration etc. The origin of DouGong has different versions. The evolution of DouGong has three man stages, and ZhenGuoSi Wanfodian DouGong was built between the second stage and the third stage. The different parts of the DouGong have different characteristics and functions, each component combined into a whole load of stable structure. IV DouGong not only reflect the technical level but also reflect the remarkable artistic achievement. DouGong always appeared in the larger important building, which is a kind of architectural culture symbol of identity level. Wanfodian DouGong inherited the style of Tang dynasty, there are four layers, called the seven PuZuo. It has high architecture level. It is one of the oldest buildings of Chinese ancient, which has the important value of preservation and protection. Its preservation have close relationship with the local geography, climate, political, economic, ethnic customs, and religious. Ancient buildings of China at different times not only reflects the local architectural level and architecture art, but also reflects the local politics, economy, culture, science and technology from another aspect. Therefore, the study of traditional wooden buildings has special significance and value for us, and protection of the traditional wooden buildings also has far-reaching significant. 关键词：DouGong；ZhenGuoSi Wanfodian；Technical features; Literary characteristics; Ancient protection 承 诺 书 本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是在导师指导下独立完成的，学位论文的知识产权属于山西大学。
如果今后以其他单位名义发表与在读期间学位论文相关的内容，将承担法律责任除文中已经注明引用的文献资料外，本学位论文不包括任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的成果 学位论文作者（签章）： 200 年 月 日 引言 1 引言 中国现代民族化建筑设计的发展，从传统建筑工艺中汲取养分是必不可少的所以，如何从我国的传统建筑工艺与传统建筑艺术中探讨现代建筑设计方法是十分重要的虽然现代社会用于建筑结构的材料越来越多，建筑工艺的技法也越来越复杂，但是我们的传统文化仍然具有一定的活性和影响力，传统文化工艺存在于民族文化的记忆之中将传统文化融入到现代建筑设计理念中，是设计有中国特色的民族建筑的重要途径之一中国民族建筑以独特的建筑形制与均衡灵巧的结构而赢得魁伟与壮丽而斗栱这个既作为结构又作为装饰的建筑构件，在中国民族建筑文化的发展演变史中，具有十分关键的作用，几乎贯穿了整个中国古木建筑的历程斗栱是中国古建筑的代表性语言符号，深入研究并发扬中国传统古木建筑精髓，并结合现代审美设计理念，更好地实现民族设计的发展 本论文选取的研究对象是中国传统建筑特有、独创的斗栱大木构件，系统地介绍了斗栱的概述、构造、技术特。