英文时态（三）：完成时态 完成动作： 1、现在完成（have∕has done） 2、过去完成（had done） 3、将来完成（will have done）完成时态概述： 形式：have done 意义：完成时态表示的是在某一特定时刻（ 现在、过去或将来）之前开始发生的并持续 到这一特定时刻或对这一特定时刻有影响的一个活动 ⑴现在完成时： 在现在之前（即过去）开始发生并持续到现在或对 现在有影响的动作 I have learned 2000 words so far. ⑵过去完成时： 在过去之前（即过去的过去）开始发生的并持续到 过去或对过去有影响的动作 I had learned 1000 words by the end of last year. ⑶将来完成时： 在将来之前（可能是过去、现在或将来）开始发生 的并持续的将来或对将来有影响的动作 I will have learned 3000 words by the end of next year. 一、现在完成时态（have∕has done）v 用法：1）动作发生在过去，一直延续到现在，对 目前有影响。
（延续性动词的“已完成”或“未完成” 用法）v 2)动作发生在过去,点已经完成，并与现在的情况 有联系 （瞬间性动词的“已完成”用法）v说明：“已完成”用法表示动作已结束，而“未完成”v 用法则表示动作有可能继续延续下去v1）我曾经在某个地方见过她v2）到目前为止, 该桥尙未竣工v3）她刚刚买了一部新自行车v4）我们已经在这里生活了十年v5）我学习英语的时间长达25年了v6）自1997年以来，我就没见过她了I have ever seen her somewhere. → 2 So far, the bridge hasn't been completed. → 2She has just bought a new bike. → 2We have already lived here for ten years. →1I've studied English for twenty-five years. →1I haven't seen her since the year of 1997.→21、现在完成时态用法（一）：延续到现在的动作或状态开始于过去的动作一直持续到现在。
谓语动词一般 为延续性动词 ①An old woman walked out into the middle of the street. The policeman yelled to her, “Don’t you know what it means when I hold up my hand?” The lady said, “Sure I do. I have been a school teacher for 28 years now.” ②I have lived here for 3 years. ③The teacher has taught in this school since I came here. ④I’ve worked in this company since I left school. ⑤Since time began, man has lived in fear of fire.或者，由上下文明确告知，开始于过去的动作只持续 到说话时刻为止即已结束例如： ①A：Have you waited long?B：I’ve waited for three hours. ②I’ve waited for him all day; I don’t want to wait any longer.这种现在完成时的特点： 1）谓语动词一般为延续性动词。
2）动作发生的时间是过去，但这一动作持续到现在 3）与这种用法的现在完成时态连用的时间状语通常是 表示“一段时间”的时间状语，以说明某个动作或状态持续了多久 ※与此种用法的现在完成时态搭配的时间状语：⑴since＋时间点 ①I’ve worked in this company since 1980. ②I’ve worked in this company since I left school. 注意不能说：since three years，而要说since three years ago⑵for＋时间段 ①I’ve worked in this company for three years. ②Great changes have taken place in Beijing for the past few years.vsince的四种用法 v 1)since+过去一个时间点 (如具体的年、月、日期、钟 点、1980,last month,half past six)v I have been here since 1989.v 2)since+一段时间+agov I have been here since five months ago.v 3)since+从句 v Great changes have taken place since you left.v Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.v 4)It is+一段时间+since从句v It is two years since I became a post graduate student.⑶“到目前为止……”：until now, up until now, up to now, up till now, so far等。
例如： We have up until now failed to take any action to decide on a common language that would further communication between nations. ⑷ “在最近几世纪／年／月以来……”：in the past few years, over the past few years, during the last three months, for the last few centuries, through centuries, throughout history等例如： ①Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die, for the very nature of life includes death. ②Through centuries the bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists and fascinated writers.2、现在完成时态用法（二）：过去发生但与现在仍有联系 的动作或状态表示在不确定的过去发生的某一动作与现在的情况有联 系。
谓语动词一般为短暂性动词 ①He has broken his leg. ②He broke his leg. ③A modern girl went to the theatre with a vest and a pair of slippers. The ticket-examiner turned her away very politely: “Miss, NO ADMISSION WITH SLIPPERS.” “Really?” the girl took off the slippers and carried them in her hands, “Then I will go in barefootedly.” “Oh, my god!” the ticket-examiner cried out, “Fortunately, I have not told her NO ADMISSION WITH A VEST.” ④A：What has happened to Jane? She is crying.B：She broke the dining-room window. She has to face the music when her father gets home.⑤Mr. Odds works in a bank and lives on his own. The only family he has is in the next town: his sister lives there with her husband, and her son, Mark. Last week Mr. Odds had a surprise. He drove home from the bank at the usual time, driving neither too slowly nor too fast; he parked his car where he always parked it, out of the way of other cars, and he went inside to make his evening meal. Straight away, there was a knock at the door. Mr. Odds opened the door, to find a policeman standing on the doorstep. “What have I done wrong?” Mr. Odds asked himself. “Have I driven on the wrong side of the road? Has there been some trouble at the bank? Have I forgotten to pay an important bill?” “Hello, Uncle,” said the policeman, “My name’s Mark.” ⑥You should have put the milk into icebox; I expect it undrinkable by now.A．became B．had become C．has become D．becomes ※第二种现在完成时态使用技巧 1)、这种完成时态的肯定句不与“一段时间”的时间状 语连用常见的这类动词有：come, go, leave, kill, die, lose, buy, start, give, marry, join, bring, hear, etc.）， 因此与它连用的时间状语不能是指“一段时间”。
①I have heard from my girlfriend since I came to America.（×） ②I have bought this pair of shoes for a year．（× ） ③He has left his hometown for 3 years.（×）这种错误句子的改正有多种方式： ①He left his hometown 3 years ago. ②It’s 3 years since he left his hometown. ③He 。