科技英语翻译技巧Stillwatersrundeep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深Wherethereislife,thereishope有生命必有生命必有希望有希望 第一讲第一讲科技英语简介及其特点科技英语简介及其特点 2 The Definition of EST (English for Science & Technology)vEST (English for Science & Technology or Technical English or Scientific English) is a special language variety widely used in the fields of science and technology. It’s believed that it first came to being in the 1950s along with the rapid development of science and technology, and it many researchers and scholars began to conduct investigation of this common features of this special genre including reading comprehension, writing and even translation. 3 什么是科技英语？v科技英语（English for Science and Technology，简称EST）是从事科学技术活动时所使用的英语，是英语的一种变体(科技文体)。
科技英语自70年代以来引起了人们的广泛关注和研究，目前已发展成为一种重要的英语语体本节所讨论的科技英语主要指描述、探讨自然科学各专业的著作、论文、实验报告，科技实用手段(包括仪器、仪表、机械、工具等)的结构描述和操作说明等 4 科技英语的范围v广义上来说，泛指一切论及或谈及科学或技术的书面语和口头语具体包括：v（一）科技著述、科技论文（报告）、实验报告（方案）等；v（二）各类科技情报及其他文字资料；v（三）科技实用手册，包括仪器、仪表、机械和工具等的结构描述和操作规程的叙述；v（四）科技问题的会议、会谈及交谈用语；v（五）科技影片或录像等有声资料的解说词等5 科技英语的特点科技英语的特点v科技英语（English for Science and Technology,简称EST）是始于20世纪50年代的一种新的学术语体，是科技人员在世界范围内用以交流科技情报和思考科技问题的重要工具，在其使用和发展过程 形成了自己鲜明的特色v科技英语的基本特点是行文简洁，表达客观，结构严密，内容确切，主题单一，强调事实6 1、词汇特点v科技英语反映的是日新月异的科学技术领域内的发展与创新为了准确、科学地对这些新的进展与理论加以阐述，科技工作者们在遣词方面下了很大的功夫。
7 v1、科技词汇的词形一般较长，多源于希腊语和拉丁语据美国科技英语专家Oscar E. Nybaken统计，在一万个普通英语的词汇中，约有46%的词汇源于拉丁语，7.2%源于希腊语尤其在专业性极强的科技英语词汇中，这种比例就更高例如：dynamics, electric, physics, pneumonia等希腊语和拉丁文之所以能成为科技词汇的基本来源，是因为这两种语言都是“死”语言，不会由于社会的发展而引起词义的变化，也不因词的多义引起歧义v2、在科技文章中，同一词语词义的多专业化，即同一个英语常用词不仅被多个专业采用，而且含义也各不相同，区别很大如field一词，一般英语中指“野外、田间”；在计算机领域可作“信息（组）”、“字段”解；在光学方面可作“视场”解；在数学方面作“域”解等对于这一类词语，只有通过上下文和具体的语言环境才能确定其真正的含义 8 v3、科技英语中经常使用缩略语随着现代科学的高速发展，缩略语将日益增多，往往一个缩略语可代表几十个词义在科技英语中缩略语的构成方式有三种：1）将词的部分截缩而构成新词，如parachute —chute（降落伞）2）将词组中的每个词的首字母加在一起构成新词，首字母缩略词，如Unidentified Flying Object –UFO（不明飞行物）。
3）从两个单词中抽出部分字母而构成新词，如telegram exchange –telex（电传）4）大量地使用名词和名词组英语比汉语更广泛地使用名词，科技英语中这种现象更为突出如科技文章中不说 We can improve its performance by using superheated steam.而说 an improvement of its performance can be achieved by the use of superheated steam.为了简短而明确地表达某一概念或事物，科技英语还广泛地使用名词词组，如energy lose, a day and night weather observation station 9 2、修辞特点 v使用时态少，多用一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时v修辞手段单调，很少使用文学英语的修辞手法v逻辑语法词多，科技英语注重客观事实论述及逻辑推理，很少情感描写及形象刻画10 3、句法特点v1、在科技英语中经常使用的语法结构相当多，如被动语态句使用得很广泛这是因为科技文章的主要目的是讲述客观现象，介绍科技成果等，使用被动句比使用主动句更少主观色彩。
因此在科技英语中，凡是在不需要或不可能指出行为主体的场合，或者在需要突出行为客体的场合都使用被动语态例如：For separating iron from the impurities the iron ore must be melted.11 v2. 名词化结构多vThe rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球饶轴自转，引起昼夜的变化v名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密v3. 常使用祈使句或第三人称v科技英语所表述的是客观规律，因此要尽量避免使用第一、第二人称；第一、第二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象v例：Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.v应当注意机器的工作温度而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine.你们必须注意机器的工作温度。
12 v4. 非限定动词多v科技英语中常使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句；使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句；使用不定式短语代替各种从句；使用介词+动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句，既可缩短句子，又比较醒目v例：A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流v5. 后置定语多可作为后置定语使用的结构有：介词短语、形容词及形容词短语、副词、分词、定语从句v例：A call for paper is now being issued. 征集论文的通知现正陆续发出vThe results obtained must be checked. 获得的结果必须加以校核vThe heat produced is equeal to the electrical energy wasted. 产生的热量等于浪费了的电能vDuring construction, problems often arise which require design changes. 分子相互间都存在着力的作用，该力的大新取决于它们之间的距离。
13 v6. 在科技英语中经常使用“It is (was)…that”这一强调句例：It is heat that causes many chemical changes. 正是热量导致了化学变化v7. 长句多v科技英语用于表达科学理论、原理、规律、概述以及各事物之间错综复杂的关系，而复杂的科学思维是无法使用简单句来表达，所以语法结构复杂的长句较多地应用于科技英语，而这种严谨周密、层次分明、重点突出的语言手段也就成了科技英语文体又一重要特征如下面由三个that 组成的长句：Laser, its creation being thought to be one of today’s wonders, is nothing more than a light ①that differs from ordinary lights only in②that it is many times more powerful and so be applied in fields ③that no ordinary light or other substance has ever been able to get in.14 4、语篇特点 v语篇也就是我们通常所说的篇章，是由一组相互连贯的句子组成的。
语篇的语义结构和语篇机制，即衔接手段确保了语言由句子组成语篇，从而形成了一个有机的整体，所以对这一层面的分析包括了衔接手段和语篇结构 15 v1. 词汇衔接 词汇的重复出现可以减少语言在传递中产生的歧义，使读者易于正确地理解作者所要论述的客观事实或复杂的认识过程，体现了科技英语的准确性例：Many stories abort the spread of AIDS are false. You cannot get AIDS working or attending with someone who has the disease. You cannot get it by touching drinking glasses or other objects used by such persons.v2. 逻辑连接v通过逻辑连接手段的运用，读者可以了解句子的语义联系，甚至可经前句从逻辑上预见后续句的语义，体现了科技英语的逻辑推理性和严密性16 v例：Microsurgery is helping to solve all kinds of medical problems that had been thought hopeless. For example, doctors can use the technique to restore blood flow to the brain to prevent strokes. And they can reopen parts of the reproductive system so some men and women who are not fertile can have children. Eye and ear doctors have used the techniques of microsurgery since the 1920s. But it was not until the early 1970s that doctors began to develop a better understanding of the possibilities of microsurgery.17 v3. 语篇结构 科技文章一般由导言、正文和结论或结束语三部分组成。
当然语篇结构可以因陈述的内容、时间、场合、对象的不同而有所差异v此外，科技英语在时态运用上有限，多用过去时和现在时尤其是多用一般现在时，以表述无时间性的科学定义、定理、公式、现象、过程等另外，科技英语多用逻辑性语法词（logical grammatical operators），如表示原因的如because (of)、due (owing) to、as (a result of)、caused by、for等，表示语气转折的如but、however、nevertheless、otherwise、yet等，表示逻辑顺序的如so、therefore、thus、furthermore、moreover、in addition to等科技英语注重行文的连贯（coherence）、清晰（clarity）、流畅（fluency），避免行文晦涩、表露个人感情、过多运用修辞手法等科技英语力求平易、客观和精确18 v科技英语在其演变和发展过程中逐渐形成自身特有的体裁或文体特征，了解科技英语与普通英语之间的差异，对于科技工作者无疑是大有裨益的但值得指出的是，这种差异是相对的而不是绝对的换言之，科技英语文体往往也借用其他文体（如文学文体）的词语或句式，其他的修辞手段以增加语言表达效果。
19 第二讲科技英语翻译的方法和技巧第二讲科技英语翻译的方法和技巧 第三讲第三讲 练习课练习课 20 词义的选择和引申词义的选择和引申 正确选择词义是保证译文质量的中心问题英汉两种语言在词义方面存在着很大的差异，一般来说，英语词义比较灵活多变，词的涵义范围比较宽，词义对上下文的依赖性比较大汉语词义比较严谨精确，词语的涵义范围比较窄，词义的伸缩性和对上下文的依赖性比较小而且英语中一词多用、一词多义、一词多类的现象相当普遍 英汉词义方面的这些差异，必然给翻译带来一定的困难21 英汉两种语言都有一词多义的现象，但总的来说，在现代汉语中，同一个词的词义在不同的上下文中的差别比较小，一词多义的现象不如英语那么普遍 例如wet这个词，在不同的上下文中具有不同的意义He was wet to the skin. 他全身都湿透了一、词义的选择一、词义的选择22 Wet Paint. 油漆未干 A wet country允许贩酒的国家 all wet完全弄错了wet behind the ears乳臭末干的；没见过世面的在英译汉中，对英语词义的辨析，尤其对多义词词义的选择和确定，是一个艰苦的思维过程。
选择词义一般可以三个方面着手：23 1.1.根据词类确定词义根据词类确定词义英语有些词在作为不同词类有不同的意义，如英语有些词在作为不同词类有不同的意义，如backback作副词：作副词：作形容词：作形容词：回来回来过期的过期的作名词：作名词：作动词：作动词：背部背部支持支持所以选择词义时，首先要判明一个词在原句所以选择词义时，首先要判明一个词在原句中属哪个词类，再进一步确定词义，现以中属哪个词类，再进一步确定词义，现以like为例24 Like charges repel, unlike charges attract.同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold.adj，，“相同的相同的”在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃象金子一在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发亮般在闪闪发亮Prep, “象象”It is the atoms that make up iron, water,oxygen and the like.正是原子构成了铁、水、氧等类物质。
正是原子构成了铁、水、氧等类物质Noun, “相同之物相同之物”25 He likes making experiments in chemistry.他喜欢做化学实验他喜欢做化学实验 Verb, “喜欢喜欢”Waves in water move like the waveform moves along a rope.波在水中移动象波形沿着绳子移动一样波在水中移动象波形沿着绳子移动一样Conj, “象，如象，如”2.2.根据不同的学科领域或专业确定词义根据不同的学科领域或专业确定词义 一个名词有多种意义时，往往是分别适用于不同的学科和专业，因此，对多义词要注意26 辨认词的一般意义和专业意义，以及它们在各种不同学科里的不同译法例如，eye一般作“眼睛”解，但在不同专业里却有不同的意义，如inspection eye，observers’ eye television eye检查孔观测镜(工业)电视摄像机再如：base在下列各句中具有不同的意义The lathe should be set on a firm base.车床应安装在坚实的车床应安装在坚实的底座底座上。
上27 As we all know, a base reacts with an acid to form a salt.众所周知，众所周知，碱碱与酸起反应生成盐与酸起反应生成盐A transistor has three electrodes, the emitter,the base and the collector.晶体管有三个电极，即发射极、晶体管有三个电极，即发射极、基极基极和集电极和集电极Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC.AB线是三角形线是三角形ABC的的底边底边Mathematics is the base of all other sciences, and arithmetic, the science of numbers, is the base of mathematics.数学是所有其它科学的数学是所有其它科学的基础基础，而算术，即数的科学，则是，而算术，即数的科学，则是数学的数学的基础基础28 二、词的引申二、词的引申所谓词的引申，指的是在一个词所具有的基本词义的基础上，进一步加以引申，选择比较恰当的汉语词来表达，使原文的思想表现得更加准确，译文更加顺畅。
如heavy的基本词义是“重”，heavy currentheavy trafficheavy industry强电流交通拥挤重工业heavy rain大雨heavy frog浓雾29 The study of the brain is one of the last frontiers of human knowledge.对大脑的研究是人类知识的对大脑的研究是人类知识的最新领域之一之一不译“最后的边疆”)The beauty of lasers is that they can do machining without ever physically touching the material.激光的激光的妙处妙处就在于它能进行机械加工而不必实就在于它能进行机械加工而不必实际接触加工材料际接触加工材料不译“美丽”)There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology.我们要我们要完全掌握完全掌握集成电路，还必须经过三个阶集成电路，还必须经过三个阶段。
段不译“毕业于”)30 练习：1.This is the whole round of knowledge.2.In this case, a magnetic field will be built up round the coil.3.He is a valuable acquisition to the team.4. The shortest distance between raw material and a finished part is casting.5.If iron is kept moist, rusting is rapid, which might lead us to think that water was the influence causing corrosion.31 词量的增减词量的增减 英汉两种语言由于语法结构的差异，修辞手段的不同，在翻译过程中往往出现词量增补或减少的现象，例如让步状语从句，原因状语从句需要增加关联词，另外，冠词是汉语中没有的词类，在不少情况下，英译汉时予以省略不译因此，词量增减是翻译中觉必不可少的翻译技巧之一。
32 一、词量增加一、词量增加1.增补英语中省略的词增补英语中省略的词The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest the greatest.最好的导体电阻最小，最差的导体电阻最大the poorest conductor has the greatest resistance.2.对某些句子结构增加关联词对某些句子结构增加关联词33 If A is equal to D, A plus B equals D plus B.如果A=D，则则A+B=D+B3.增加表示复数的词增加表示复数的词Note that the words “velocity” and “speed” require explanation.请注意，“速度”和“速率”这两个两个词需要解释The first electronic computers used vacuum tubes and other components.第一批批电子计算机使用真空管和其他元件34 4.4.具有动作意义的抽象名词的增译具有动作意义的抽象名词的增译These principles will be illustrated by the following transition.这些原理将由下列演变过程过程来说明。
The temperature needed for this processing is lower than that needed to melt the metal.这种加工方法方法所需的温度要低于熔化该金属的温度35 5.逻辑加词，顺理成章逻辑加词，顺理成章Air pressure decreases with altitude.气压随海拔海拔高度的增加而下降According to scientists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.根据科学家们的看法的看法，自然界要用500年的时间的时间才能创造一英寸的表层土壤6.词量减少词量减少冠词，介词，代词，连词,动词等词的省译人称、物主、反人称、物主、反身、关系代词身、关系代词系动词，助系动词，助动词动词36 练习：1.The changes in matter which we see all around us are of two types, physical and chemical.2. A designer must have a good foundation in statics, kinematics, dynamics and strength of materials.3.From the evaporation of water people know that liquids can turn into gases under certain conditions.4.In the absence of friction, belts would not be capable of conveying power from one machine to another.5.Different metals differ in their conductivity.37 词性的转换词性的转换 英、汉两种语言在语言结构与表达形式方面各有其自身的特点。
因此，要使译文既忠实于愿意又顺畅可读，就不能局限于逐词对等，必须采用适当的词性转换、句子成分转换，乃至句型转换的翻译技巧如，科技英语中大量使用名词化结构，而汉语中动词用得多再如汉语中没有冠词、关系代词、关系副词、分词、不定式、动名词等，翻译时上述词就要予以转换处理,包括词包括词性转换和句子成分的转换性转换和句子成分的转换首先看词性转换的各种情况38 一、转换成汉语动词一、转换成汉语动词 1.英语名词化结构及动名词一般均可译成汉语的动词英语名词化结构及动名词一般均可译成汉语的动词A change of state from a solid to a liquid form requires heat energy.从固态变为液态需要热能从固态变为液态需要热能Light from the sun is a mixture of light of many different colors.太阳光是由许多不同颜色的光混合成的太阳光是由许多不同颜色的光混合成的39 2.英语的介词使用得特别多，在很多的情况下，尤其是英语的介词使用得特别多，在很多的情况下，尤其是构成状语时，往往译成汉语的动词构成状语时，往往译成汉语的动词。
A force is needed to move an object against inertia.为使物体克服惯性而运动，就需要一个力为使物体克服惯性而运动，就需要一个力Modern industry would be out of the question without iron and steel.没有钢铁，就谈不上现代化工业没有钢铁，就谈不上现代化工业3.副词作表语可转译成汉语的动词When the switch is off, the circuit is open and electricity doesn’t go through.当开关断开时，电路就形成开路，电流不能通过当开关断开时，电路就形成开路，电流不能通过In this case the temperature in the furnace is up.在这种情况下，炉温就升高在这种情况下，炉温就升高40 1.某些英语动词的概念难以直接用汉语的动词表达，翻某些英语动词的概念难以直接用汉语的动词表达，翻译时可转换成名词译时可转换成名词二、转换成汉语名词二、转换成汉语名词Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性好。
这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性好If a box weighs 10 kilograms, an upward force of 10 kilograms must be exerted to lift it.假定箱子的重量是假定箱子的重量是10公斤，就必须施加公斤，就必须施加10公斤向上公斤向上的力才能把它举起来的力才能把它举起来41 2.某些表示事物特征的形容词作表语时可转译成名词，其某些表示事物特征的形容词作表语时可转译成名词，其后往往加上后往往加上“性性”、、“度度”、等This workpiece is not more elastic than that one.这个工件不比那个工件更有弹性这个工件不比那个工件更有弹性Glass is much more soluble than quartz.玻璃的可溶性比石英大得多玻璃的可溶性比石英大得多3.英语中大量使用代词，汉语则不然；为了使概念清楚，英语中大量使用代词，汉语则不然；为了使概念清楚，符合汉语的表达习惯，可将代词译成所代替的名词符合汉语的表达习惯，可将代词译成所代替的名词The friction of the bearings causes them and the lubricant which is circulating through them to warm up.轴承的摩擦使轴承和流通于轴承间的润滑油发热。
轴承的摩擦使轴承和流通于轴承间的润滑油发热Radio waves are similar to light waves except their wave-length is much greater. 无线电波与光波相似，但无线电波的波长要长得多无线电波与光波相似，但无线电波的波长要长得多42 4.某些副词转译成名词使译文更加顺畅某些副词转译成名词使译文更加顺畅Electromagnetic waves travel as fast as light.电磁波传播的速度和光一样电磁波传播的速度和光一样 The instrument is used to determine how fully the batteries are charged.这种仪表用来确定电瓶充电的程度这种仪表用来确定电瓶充电的程度三、转换成形容词三、转换成形容词四、转换成副词四、转换成副词43 一、主语转换成宾语一、主语转换成宾语 在翻译过程中，虽然有时可以使译文的主语、谓在翻译过程中，虽然有时可以使译文的主语、谓语、宾语等句子成分保持与原文对应，但由于英、汉语、宾语等句子成分保持与原文对应，但由于英、汉两种语言思维方式与表达习惯的不同，在大多数情况两种语言思维方式与表达习惯的不同，在大多数情况下并无一对一的对应现象，为了使译文通顺达意，必下并无一对一的对应现象，为了使译文通顺达意，必须运用转换翻译技巧，包括词性转换和句子成分的转须运用转换翻译技巧，包括词性转换和句子成分的转换。
它是英汉互译时必不可的一种技巧它是英汉互译时必不可的一种技巧句子成分的转换句子成分的转换常用于翻译被动句As the match burns, As the match burns, heat and lightheat and light are given off. are given off.火柴燃烧时发出光和热火柴燃烧时发出光和热例：例：44 Much progress has been made in electrical engineering in less than a century.不到一个世纪，电气工程就取得了很大的进步二、主语转换成谓语二、主语转换成谓语 用于以用于以care,need,attention,emphasis, improvementcare,need,attention,emphasis, improvement 等名词及名词化结构作主语时的情况等名词及名词化结构作主语时的情况例：There is a need for improvement in our experimental work.我们的实验工作需要改进45 The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.地球绕轴自转自转，引起昼夜的变化。
三、宾语转换成主语三、宾语转换成主语在在to have a length of …,to have a height of to have a length of …,to have a height of …, to have a density of …, to have a voltage …, to have a density of …, to have a voltage of …of …结构中，往往将结构中，往往将““长度长度”“”“高度高度””等作主语等作主语例：例：This sort of stone has a relative density of 2.7.这种石头的相对密度相对密度是2.746 An electron has about 1/1840 the mass of the proton.电子的电子的质量质量大约是质子的大约是质子的1/1840四、谓语转换成主语四、谓语转换成主语某些英语动词如某些英语动词如act,behave,feature,characterize, relate, load,conduct等在汉语中往往都要转译成名词才符合汉等在汉语中往往都要转译成名词才符合汉语的表达习惯，因此，作为句子成分也就相应地转换成语的表达习惯，因此，作为句子成分也就相应地转换成主语。
主语例：例：A highly developed physical science is characterized by an extensive use of mathematics.一门高度发展的自然科学的一门高度发展的自然科学的特点特点是广泛地应用数学是广泛地应用数学47 Matter is anything that occupies space and has weight.比较：比较：1.物质是占有空间并具有重量的一切东西物质是占有空间并具有重量的一切东西2.凡凡占有空间并具有重量占有空间并具有重量的的西都是物质西都是物质进行这种转换往往是为了突出定语所表达的内容进行这种转换往往是为了突出定语所表达的内容五、定语转换成谓语或表语五、定语转换成谓语或表语Many factors enter into equipment reliability.涉及设备可靠性的因素涉及设备可靠性的因素很多48 The earth was formed from the same kind of materials that makes up the sun.构成地球的物质与构成太阳的物质是构成地球的物质与构成太阳的物质是相同的相同的。
由于被修饰词的词性改变，起修饰作用的定语由于被修饰词的词性改变，起修饰作用的定语与状语常常互相转换与状语常常互相转换The modern world is experiencing rapid development of science and technology.当今世界科学技术正在当今世界科学技术正在迅速迅速发展六、定语与状语互相转换六、定语与状语互相转换49 The electronic computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and rapid computations.电子计算机的电子计算机的主要主要特点是计算准确而迅速特点是计算准确而迅速七、其它七、其它1.主动语态句子的某些状语可转译成主语Various substances differ widely in their magnetic characteristics.不同物质的不同物质的磁性磁性大不相同大不相同50 2.there be 句型中修饰主语的句型中修饰主语的of 短语可从定语转换成主短语可从定语转换成主语There are three main laws of mechanics,or three laws of Newton.力学力学有三大定律，即牛顿三定律。
有三大定律，即牛顿三定律3.to have a…of …句型中的主语可转换成定语句型中的主语可转换成定语Water has a variable coefficient of expansion.水的水的膨胀系数是可变的膨胀系数是可变的51 练习：练习：1.The earth is shaped like a ball.2.This steam engine is only about 15 percent efficient.3.A continuous increase in the temperature of a gas confined in a container will lead to a continuous increase in the internal pressure within the gas.4.The oil tank has a capacity of 50 litres.5. This machine tool is good in quality and small in size.6.In any machine, input work equals output work plus work done against friction.7.Numerous materials are available to today’s designers.8.For nearly all substances the density gets smaller as the temperature is raised.52 被动语态的译法被动语态的译法 英语和汉语都有被动语态，但两种文字对被动语语态的运用却不尽相同。
同一个意思，英语习惯用被动语态表达，汉语却往往要用主动语态英译汉时，必须注意被动语态的译法，不要过分拘泥于原文的被动结构，而要根据汉语的习惯，做灵活多样的处理53 当英语被动句中的主语为无生命的名词，又不出现由介词by引导的行为主体时，往往可译成汉语的主动句，原句的主语在译文中仍为主语一、译成汉语的主动句一、译成汉语的主动句1.原主语仍译为主语原主语仍译为主语(省略被字的被动句省略被字的被动句)Sand casting is used to make large parts. 砂型铸造用于制造大型零件Materials may be grouped in several ways.材料可以按几种方式分类54 2.把原主语译成宾语，而把行为主体或相当于把原主语译成宾语，而把行为主体或相当于行为主体的介词宾语译成主语行为主体的介词宾语译成主语 Friction can be reduced and the life of the machine prolonged by lubrication.润滑能减少摩擦，延长机器寿命A new kind of magnifying glass is being made in that factory.那个工厂正在制造一种新的放大镜。
55 3.3.增译逻辑主语：增译逻辑主语：原句中未包含动作的发出者，译成主动句时可从逻辑主语出发，适当增添不确定主语，如“人们”、“大家”、“我们”等Salt is known to have a very strong corroding effect on metals.大家知道大家知道，盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用Magnesium is found to be the best material for making flash light.人们发现人们发现，镁是制造闪光灯的最好材料镁是制造闪光灯的最好材料56 汉语句的无主句与英语相比是一种独特的句型英语的汉语句的无主句与英语相比是一种独特的句型英语的许多被动句不需要或无法讲出动作的发出者，因此往往许多被动句不需要或无法讲出动作的发出者，因此往往可译成汉语的无主句，而把原句中的主语译成宾语可译成汉语的无主句，而把原句中的主语译成宾语Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion.已经注意到已经注意到采取新的防腐措施采取新的防腐措施。
In the watch making industry, the tradition of high precision engineering must be kept. 在钟表制造业中，在钟表制造业中，必须保持必须保持高精度工艺的传统高精度工艺的传统二、译成汉语的无主句二、译成汉语的无主句57 三、译成汉语的判断句三、译成汉语的判断句 凡是着重描述事物的过程、性质和状态的英语被凡是着重描述事物的过程、性质和状态的英语被动句，与系表结构相近，往往可译成动句，与系表结构相近，往往可译成“是是…的结构The volume is not measured in square millimeters. It is measured in cubic millimeters.体积不是以平方毫米计量的它是以立方毫米体积不是以平方毫米计量的它是以立方毫米计量的The first explosive in the world was made in China.世界上最早的炸药是在中国制造的世界上最早的炸药是在中国制造的58 四、译成汉语的被动句四、译成汉语的被动句 英语的某些着重被动动作的被动句，汉译时要译英语的某些着重被动动作的被动句，汉译时要译成被动句，以突出其被动意义。
但汉语表达被动语态成被动句，以突出其被动意义但汉语表达被动语态的方式很多，除了的方式很多，除了“被被”字外，还时常使用字外，还时常使用“由由”，，“受受”，，“加以加以”，，“为为”，，“挨挨” 等This kind of steel is not corroded by air and water.Other processes will be discussed briefly.其他方法将简单地加以讨论其他方法将简单地加以讨论这种钢不会被空气和水腐蚀这种钢不会被空气和水腐蚀59 1.This cylindrical vessel is designed and made by ourselves.2.Full use must be made of all natural resources in our country.3.Laser technology may be taken as one of the most important advances achieved by scientists in recent years.4.A synthetic material equal to that metal in strength has been created by our research center.5.Electricity itself has been known to man for thousands of years.练习练习60 1.这种圆柱形容器是我们自行设计和制造的。
2.必须充分利用我国所有的自然资源3.激光技术可以看作是近年来科学家取得的最重要成就之一4.我们的研究中心创造了一种强度与那种金属相同的合成材料5.电为人类所知晓已有好几千年了61 定语从句的译法定语从句的译法(一一) 在英语的各种从句中，定语从句最为复杂，因此在英语的各种从句中，定语从句最为复杂，因此翻译时难度也往往最大我们知道，在句中作定语的翻译时难度也往往最大我们知道，在句中作定语的从句，称为定语从句，由关系代词和关系副词引导，从句，称为定语从句，由关系代词和关系副词引导，置于被修饰语之后但现代汉语里，但现代汉语里，置于被修饰语之后但现代汉语里，但现代汉语里，却没有关系代词和关系副词英语中定义从句后置的却没有关系代词和关系副词英语中定义从句后置的这种语言现象，汉语里也是没有的英语定语从句的这种语言现象，汉语里也是没有的英语定语从句的后置使句子长而复杂而汉语的定语一般是前置定义，后置使句子长而复杂而汉语的定语一般是前置定义，句子较短英汉两种语言句子结构上的这些差异给翻句子较短英汉两种语言句子结构上的这些差异给翻译定语从句带来了较大困难有些定语从句不仅结构译定语从句带来了较大困难。
有些定语从句不仅结构复杂，而且含义繁多，与主句之间存在着状语关系，复杂，而且含义繁多，与主句之间存在着状语关系，具有补充、原因、转折、结果、条件等意义在科技具有补充、原因、转折、结果、条件等意义在科技英语中，定语从句和被动语态一样，出现的频率很高英语中，定语从句和被动语态一样，出现的频率很高62 一、一、合合译法译法 所谓合译法，主要是指把英语定语从句译成汉语的“的”字结构，放在被修饰词前，从而把定语从句和主句合译成汉语的单句 合译法适合于翻译结构不很长的定语从句例：例：1.Space and Oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.太空和海洋是科学家正在努力探索的新领域太空和海洋是科学家正在努力探索的新领域2.Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with.污染是我们必须解决的紧迫问题污染是我们必须解决的紧迫问题63 二、分译法二、分译法二、分译法二、分译法 所谓分译法，是指将定语从句与主句分开，译成并列分句凡形式上的定语从句，一般宜于译成并列分句。
此外十分冗长的意义上的定语从句，译成汉语前置定语难于安排，或使句子冗长，头重脚轻，不符合汉语的表达习惯，也可采用分译法例： 1.Galileo was a famous Italian scientist by whom the Copernican theory was further proved correct.伽俐略是一个著名的意大利科学家，他进一步证明可白伽俐略是一个著名的意大利科学家，他进一步证明可白尼学说是正确的尼学说是正确的 2.They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.他们研制了一种新方法，这种新方法使生产大大提高他们研制了一种新方法，这种新方法使生产大大提高64 三、溶合法三、溶合法 溶合法是指把原名中的主句和定语从句溶合起来译成溶合法是指把原名中的主句和定语从句溶合起来译成一个独立句子的译法定语从句与先行词关系密切时，往一个独立句子的译法定语从句与先行词关系密切时，往往可以将主句与定语从句合并译成一个简单句，使定语从往可以将主句与定语从句合并译成一个简单句，使定语从句在汉译后成为单句中的谓语等句子成分。
此译法特别适句在汉译后成为单句中的谓语等句子成分此译法特别适用于用于“there be”结构带有定语从句的句型结构带有定语从句的句型例：例： 1. There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and the ability to be magnetized.某些金属既能导电又能被磁化某些金属既能导电又能被磁化 2.There have been good results in the experiment that have given him great encouragement.实验中的良好结果给了他莫大的鼓舞实验中的良好结果给了他莫大的鼓舞65 练习： 1.Science plays an important role in the society in which we live. 2.In the room where the electronic computer is kept, there must be no dust at all. 3.A floating object displaces an amount of water whose weight equals that of the object. 4.There are some chemical fuels that are clean and smokeless. 5.Divers,who dive down in the sea, know that the sea can be very cold. 66 定语从句的译法定语从句的译法(二二) 在英语中，有些从句从语法结构上看是定语从句，但跟主句在逻辑上却有状语关系，说明原因、结果、目的、时间、条件或让步等。
因此，翻译时可按其逻辑关系及内含语义译成汉语各种相应的复合句，也就是汉语的原因、结果、目的、时间、条件或让步等复句一、带有状语意义的定语从句的译法一、带有状语意义的定语从句的译法1.译成表示原因的分句译成表示原因的分句 例：例：You must grasp that concept of “work” which is very important in physics.你必须掌握你必须掌握“功功”的概念，因为它在物理学的概念，因为它在物理学中很重要中很重要 67 Einstein,who worked out the famous Theory of Relativity,won the Nobel Prize in 1921. 由于爱因斯坦提出了著名的“相对论”，因此，他于1921年获得了诺贝尔奖金2.译成表示结果的分句译成表示结果的分句例例:Copper, which is used so widely for carrying electricity, offers very little resistance. 铜的电阻很小，所以广泛地用来传输电力。
铜的电阻很小，所以广泛地用来传输电力 There was something original about the plan that pleased all of them. 这个方案富于创造性，因此他们都很喜欢这个方案富于创造性，因此他们都很喜欢.68 3.译成表示让步的分句译成表示让步的分句 The scientist, who was dog-tired, went on with the experiment.那位科学家，虽已精疲力竭，但还是继续进行实那位科学家，虽已精疲力竭，但还是继续进行实验 There was something original about the plan that pleased all of them.这个方案富于创造性，因此他们都很喜欢这个方案富于创造性，因此他们都很喜欢69 Thomas Edison, who had failed again and again in his experiment,did not lose heart. 尽管实验一再失败，托马斯尽管实验一再失败，托马斯.爱迪生并没有失爱迪生并没有失去信心。
去信心4.译成表示条件的分句译成表示条件的分句例：例：For any machine whose input and output forces are known, its mechanical advantage can be calculated. 对于任何机器来说，如果知其输入力和输出对于任何机器来说，如果知其输入力和输出力，就能求出其机械效益力，就能求出其机械效益70 Those machine parts the surfaces of which are pitted, must be changed. 如果机器零件表面起了麻点，就必须更换如果机器零件表面起了麻点，就必须更换二、特种定语从句的译法二、特种定语从句的译法 所谓特种定语从句，指的是修饰整个主句内容的非限所谓特种定语从句，指的是修饰整个主句内容的非限制性定语从句这种定语从句只能由制性定语从句这种定语从句只能由which和和as引导 1.由由which引导的特种定语从句引导的特种定语从句 这种从句总是位于主句之后，通常说明整个主句，这种从句总是位于主句之后，通常说明整个主句，其前有逗号分开。
英译汉时，一般采用分译法，其前有逗号分开英译汉时，一般采用分译法，which通常译成通常译成“这这”，有时也可译成，有时也可译成“从而从而”，，“因而因而”等71 例：Metal is very strong and can be made into any required shapes,which makes it possible to be widely used in industry. 金属坚硬，又能加工成任何所需形状，这使它金属坚硬，又能加工成任何所需形状，这使它能在工业中得到广泛应用能在工业中得到广泛应用 Scientists are trying to imitate some of the capabilities of the human brain, which will be able to lead to the construction of an entirely new electronic computer. 科学家正试图模仿人脑的某些能力，这将能够科学家正试图模仿人脑的某些能力，这将能够导致建造一种完全新式的电子计算机导致建造一种完全新式的电子计算机。
72 2.由由as引导的特种定语从句引导的特种定语从句这种定语从句位置灵活，可以位于主句之后、这种定语从句位置灵活，可以位于主句之后、之前，还可以位于主句当中，翻译时主句与从句之前，还可以位于主句当中，翻译时主句与从句分译，往往把分译，往往把as译成译成“正如正如……那样那样”、、“如如”、、“象象”等常见的表达法及其译法常见的表达法及其译法as seen from table 如表中所示如表中所示as shown in the figure 如图所示如图所示as mentioned above 如上所述如上所述as is well known to all 众所周知众所周知as the name indicates 顾名思义顾名思义as may be imagined 可以想象可以想象 as has been pointed out 正如已指出的那样正如已指出的那样 as often happens 正如经常发生的那样正如经常发生的那样73 练习：练习：1.Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot replace man.2.Friction,which is often considered as a trouble, is sometimes a help in the operation of machines.3.He cannot afford to buy the dictionary which is too expensive. 4.Matter has certain features that enable us to recognize.5.Iron, which is not so strong as steel, finds wide application.6.He wishes to write an article that will attract public attention.7.Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, which is the universally accepted law.8.As is known to us all, the burning of any fuel requires oxygen.74 英语的否定形式是一个常见而又比较复杂的问英语的否定形式是一个常见而又比较复杂的问题，使用非常灵活、微妙，被认为是英语的特点之题，使用非常灵活、微妙，被认为是英语的特点之一。
科技英语里否定形式的应用也很广在表达否一科技英语里否定形式的应用也很广在表达否定概念时，英语在用词、语法和逻辑等方面与汉语定概念时，英语在用词、语法和逻辑等方面与汉语都有很大不同有的英语句子形式上是肯定的而实都有很大不同有的英语句子形式上是肯定的而实质上是否定的，有的则形式上是否定的而实质上是质上是否定的，有的则形式上是否定的而实质上是肯定的；英语否定词否定的范围和重点有时难于判肯定的；英语否定词否定的范围和重点有时难于判断；某些否定词和词组的习惯用法较难掌握因此断；某些否定词和词组的习惯用法较难掌握因此在翻译英语否定形式时，必须细心揣摩，真正彻底在翻译英语否定形式时，必须细心揣摩，真正彻底理解其意义及否定的重点，然后根据汉语的习惯进理解其意义及否定的重点，然后根据汉语的习惯进行翻译75 例如：例如：The mountain is not valuable because it is high.［误］山因其高而无价值［误］山因其高而无价值［正］山不因其高而有价值［正］山不因其高而有价值We cannot emphasize too much the importance of the process.［误］我们不能过分强调这种方法的重要性。
［误］我们不能过分强调这种方法的重要性［正］这种方法的重要性我们怎样强调也不过分［正］这种方法的重要性我们怎样强调也不过分 英语否定的表达形式很多，下面仅就汉译时较常英语否定的表达形式很多，下面仅就汉译时较常出现理解和表达错误的几种形式进行说明出现理解和表达错误的几种形式进行说明76 一、否定成分的转译 英语的否定词在句中究竟否定什么，对理解和翻译极为重要英语的否定词在句中究竟否定什么，对理解和翻译极为重要有些英语否定句形式上是一般否定有些英语否定句形式上是一般否定(否定谓语否定谓语)，实际却是特指，实际却是特指否定否定(否定其他成分否定其他成分)；相反，有些形式上是特批否定意义上却；相反，有些形式上是特批否定意义上却是一般否定翻译时应根据汉语的习惯进行否定成分的转译是一般否定翻译时应根据汉语的习惯进行否定成分的转译The object did not move because I pushed on it.不是不是因为我推了它，该物体才移动因为我推了它，该物体才移动The basic design of the steam engine has undergone no major change in over 200 years.两百多年来，蒸汽机的基本结构两百多年来，蒸汽机的基本结构没有没有发生任何重大变发生任何重大变更。
更77 二、部分否定的译法Both of the substances do dissolve in water.不是两种物质都溶于水不是两种物质都溶于水Friction is not always a disadvantage. In many instances it is highly important.摩擦并不总是不利的，在许多情况下，它是非常重要摩擦并不总是不利的，在许多情况下，它是非常重要的 英语的否定有全部否定与部分否定之分全部否英语的否定有全部否定与部分否定之分全部否定否定整个句子的全部意思，用定否定整个句子的全部意思，用none, neither, no, not, nothing, nobody等否定词构成部分否定则主要由等否定词构成部分否定则主要由all,every,both,always等含全体意义的詞与否定词构成等含全体意义的詞与否定词构成78 三、形式否定三、形式否定 英语中有的否定词与其它词连用形成一种固定结英语中有的否定词与其它词连用形成一种固定结构，这种结构形式上否定的，但实际是肯定的意思构，这种结构形式上否定的，但实际是肯定的意思。
常见的有常见的有“nothing……like”(没有什么比得上没有什么比得上)，，“cannot…too”(……总不过分；越总不过分；越……越好越好)等cannot……too”的结构可以有变体，如的结构可以有变体，如cannot可可改用改用impossible，，not可用可用scracely,hardly,never等代等代替We cannot be too careful in doing experiments.做实验越仔细越好做实验越仔细越好It is impossible to overestimate the value of the invention.这项发明的价值无论怎样估计也不算高这项发明的价值无论怎样估计也不算高79 四、强调否定四、强调否定英语中有许多加强否定语气的手段和形式，如用否定词never, no, not, none之后加at all, whatever, nearly, possible等，这类词组里的副词nearly等不再作“将近”，“几乎”等义，而是用来强调汉译时应表达出强调的否定语气把not nearly,not half译为“根本不(没有)”，cannot possibly译为“根本不会”、“无论如何不会”等。
His last three experiments were not nearly so well done as the earlier ones. 他的最后三次试验做得远远不如远远不如早期的试验那么好The outcome of the experiment was not half bad.试验的结果相当好相当好He never came anywhere near knowing what it was.他根本不懂得根本不懂得这是什么80 六、含蓄否定六、含蓄否定英语里有些词或词组形式上是肯定的，但意义往往是否定的由这类词或词组表达的否定称为含蓄否定或意义否定汉译时，一般要把否定的意义明确译出1.动词或动词短语引起的否定动词或动词短语引起的否定常见的有：fail(to do)不能，没有(做…..)，lack缺乏，refuse拒绝，stop停止，protect……from保护……免受等If the follower loses contact with the cam, it will fail to work.假如从动件和凸轮脱离接触，就不能不能起作用Good lubrication keeps the bearings from being damaged.润滑良好使轴承不受不受损坏。
81 2.名词引起的否定名词引起的否定常见的有：neglect忽视,absence缺乏,loss失去等A few instruments are in a state of neglect.一些仪器处于无人无人管理状态And in true chicken-or-the-egg fashion, the lack of courseware deters the purchase of computers by schools.这真是一个先有鸡还是先有蛋的问题，没有没有教学软件，学校就不敢购买计算机3.形容词或形容词短语引起的否定 常见的有：free from(不受不受…影响影响),ignorant of (不知不知道道)，，last(最不可能的最不可能的)，，little(少少),few(少少)等82 The study confirmed that few people are likely to escape the effects of nuclear exchange.研究证实研究证实几乎无人几乎无人能逃脱互投核弹造成的恶果能逃脱互投核弹造成的恶果The precision instrument must be kept free from dust.精密仪器必须保持精密仪器必须保持无无尘尘Japan is the last country to invent radar,but England.发明雷达的国家发明雷达的国家决不决不是日本，而是英国。
是日本，而是英国4.介词或介词短语引起的否定 常见的有：beyond(超出超出),above (超出超出…之外之外)，，beside (同同…无关无关)，，beneath(不值得不值得),instead of (而不是而不是)等The problem is beyond the reach of my understanding这个问题我这个问题我无法无法理解83 It was beneath me to beg.不值得不值得我去乞求我去乞求The theory of Relativity worked out by Einstein is now above many people’s comprehension.爱因斯坦提出的爱因斯坦提出的“相对论相对论”，现在还有不少人理解，现在还有不少人理解不了不了The problem is beyond the reach of my understanding这个问题我这个问题我无法无法理解理解5.连词或某些短语引起的否定 常见的有：before(尚未尚未),but (若不若不)，，rather than(而不而不…) 等Never start to do the experiment before you have checked.没有没有检查好仪表，切勿开始做试验。
检查好仪表，切勿开始做试验The temperature would have continued to go up but that feedback took place.要不是发生反馈，温度还会继续升高要不是发生反馈，温度还会继续升高84 练习：1.The 1.The machine machine did did notnot stop stop because because the the fuel fuel had had run out.run out.2.All 2.All substances substances are are not not good good conductors conductors of of electricityelectricity.3.It 3.It cannot cannot be be too too much much emphasized emphasized that that agriculture agriculture is is the the foundation foundation of of the the national national economy.economy.4.The 4.The ancient ancient people people who who lived lived simple simple lives lives of of hunting hunting and and fishing fishing did did no no harm harm at at all all to to the the environment.environment.5.There 5.There is is no no material material but but will will deform deform more more or or less under the action of force.less under the action of force.85 Group WorkTranslation Practice in Class 86 v【例句】This annual report from R&D Department is happily phrased.v【译文】 研发部送上来的这份报告措辞很恰当恰当。
happily在这里若翻译成“幸福地”就很牵强）v【例句】The refined coal would give the maximum amount of heat.v【译文】经过提炼过的煤在燃烧过程中能释放出释放出最大的热量give译为“放出”，“释放出”都要好于“给”v【例句】Ceramic materials exhibit a tendency to craze and fracture under the extreme temperature changes.v【译文】 陶瓷材料在温度剧烈变化时，容易容易开裂和破碎exhibit a tendency译为“容易”是为了式的语言表达更自然87 v【例句】An insulator offers a very high resistance to the passage through it of an electric current.v【译文】 绝缘体对电流呈很大很大的阻力high译为“很大”是为了与名词“阻力”相搭配v【例句】The most frequently encountered mounting problem is that it requires one bearing at each end of a shaft.v【译文】最为常见的安装问题，是轴的每一端各装装一个轴承。
此处为了达到科技文的文体语言习惯，将本意为“需要”的require译为“装”）v【例句】Surfaces of different materials in contact with each other shall be isolated by the use of an insulating material, a thin coat of paint or a coat of anti corrosion compound to prevent anodic corrosion.v【译文】不同材料的相互接触面相互接触面要隔离材料，用薄层油期或抗腐蚀剂将其隔离起来，以防止阳极腐蚀Surfaces在这里用的是比较概括的说法，根据文章某一流程的特定环境具体化，既有好的翻译效果88 名词转化成动词名词转化成动词 v【例句】The flow of electrons is from the negative to the positive.v【译文】电子由负极流向正极v【例句】Also there may be up to 1mm gap between still beam and liner plate to provide for adjustment for achieving correct weld size.v【译文】 底坎梁和衬板之间也要有1mm间隙，通过此间隙可以调节合适的焊缝尺寸。
v【例句】It was pointed out that as per Contractor’s previous discussions with NESPAK and Contractor’s opinion that the adjustment and tightening of sill beam installation bolts will not be a problem with the exiting configuration, the exiting sill beam installation detail is acceptable, provided a water stop is provided on the upstream side of the lock at the joint between first and second stage concrete to prevent uplift in the second stage concrete.v【译文】 应当指出的是，根据承包商的NESPAK讨论的意见以及承包商的观点，只要底坎梁的上游侧边一、二期混凝土接缝处的止水封能够阻止二期混凝土的浮力，现有底坎梁的安装细节方法是可以接受的。
承包商自己认为根据现有的构造对底坎梁安装螺栓进行调节和拧紧是不成问题的89 形容词转化成动词形容词转化成动词 v【例句】A general guide is to maintain the arch thickness equal to or greater than about 0.05R.v【译文】 一般规定在任何工程处的拱桥厚度要等于或大于0.05Rv【例句】Core boxes shall be made of 0.75in thick lumber with 0.75in thick partitions, and shall be safe against attack by termites.v【译文】储芯箱由0.75in厚的木材制成，并装有0.75in厚木条隔板，而且这样的储芯箱应安全耐用，不因白蚁的蚕食而破坏v【例句】Grout equipment shall be capable of providing a continuous flow of 200litre/min to the grout holes at pressures up to 1000kPa measured at the entry to the hole.v【译文】灌浆设备要能进行持续灌浆，速度为200L/min,井口压力达到1000kPa。
每一灌浆作业的进行须提供独立的灌浆设备90 介词转化成动词介词转化成动词 v【例句】The Contractor shall provide valves, by-passes, pressure hose, pipe and fittings as are necessary, in the opinion of the Engineer, to provide accurate grout pressure control regardless of how small the grout tank may be.v【译文】如果工程师认为有必要，承包商应提供阀门、迂回管、压力软管、刚性管和其他必要配件用于精确控制的灌浆压力，无论灌浆桶多小v【例句】The function of free-flight testing is to obtain the limited amount of information necessary to provide a correct frame of reference for the tunnel results, to make checks on those problems where the attainment of high Reynolds number is an essential for correct flow representation, and to act extension to the tunnel when results are required at Mach numbers beyond the tunnel limits.v【译文】而自由飞试验的功用则是，用来获取为风洞试验结果提供正确的参考依据所必需的有限数据资料；用来对那些到达高雷诺数条件才能正确模拟流场时所产生的问题进行校核试验； 以及需要在超出风洞马赫数极限的情况下获得试验结果时，用来作为风洞的延拓。
91 副词转化成动词副词转化成动词 v【例句】An exhibition of new techniques is on in Beijing. v【译文】新技术演示会正在北京举行v【例句】The test of the new medicine is behind the plan.v【译文】新药的测试落后于原计划v【例句】We are up against one of the great mystery of the universe: the riddle of electricity.v【译文】我们是起来解决宇宙的巨大秘密之一：点之谜92 代词转化成名词名词 v【例句】Energy can neither be created, nor destroyed although its form can be changed.v【译文】虽然能量的形式可以转化，但能量却不能创造，也不能消灭v【例句】Radio waves are similar to light waves except that their wave-length is much greater.v【译文】无线电波类似光波，但无线电波的波长要长得多。
93 动词转化成名词动词转化成名词 v【例句】Drainage trenches shall be constructed as shown on the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer.v【译文】排水渠的施工应按照图纸要求或是工程师的指定进行v【例句】Such a fire-control system must naturally be highly ECM-proof (ECM=electronic counter measures), feature moreover autonomous target tracking capabilities and flexible modes of operation (with conventional AA-artillery and/ or guided missiles).v【译文】这样的一种火控系统自然必须具有很强的抗电子对抗措施的能力，而且必须具有自动目标的跟踪能力和灵活的工作方式（用常规空对空火炮和/或导弹）等特点94 形容词转化成名词形容词转化成名词 v【例句】Gasoline is appreciably volatile. v【译文】 汽油的挥发性很强。
v【例句】The electrolytic process for producing hydrogen is not so efficient as the thermochemical process.v【译文】用电解法生产氢的效率不像热化学法那样高v【例句】Control the agglomerating process to produce an agglomerate which is strong enough to be transported to the furnace without undue breakdown, which is adequately reducible, and does not break down or swell unduly in the blast-furnace stack.v【译文】控制烧结过程，生产一种坚固的、可以运到炉内且不会形成严重塌料的烧结物具有足够的还原性，在原炉炉身内也不会破裂或过分膨胀95 副词转化成形容词副词转化成形容词 v【例句】Results The levels of PAC-1、CD62P in the patients with ACI group [(5.80±5.22),(8.07±3.85)] were higher than control group [(1.14±0.74),(0.23±0.15)](all P<0.01). There were closely related to the clinical classification of ACI. v【译文】结果ACI患者PAC-1、CD62P的表达水平[(5.80±5.22)、(8.07±3.85)]明显高于正常对照组[(1.14±0.74)、(0.23±0.15)](均P<0.01),而且与病情分级有着密切的关系。
v【例句】Nitric acid is an extremely reactive agent. v【译文】硝酸是一种强烈的反应剂v【例句】Plant here is using the same advanced production processes that we use anywhere else in the world, and strives to meet the same requirements in terms of safety or environmental impact.v【译文】这里的工厂所使用的生产工艺与在任何其它各国的都同样先进，并希望这家工厂在安全和环保方面努力达到与其它各国相同的标准96 名词转化成形容词名词转化成形容词 v【例句】A report including mix design calculations shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval not less than 28 days prior to commencement of the trial mix programme.v【译文】试验配合比方案实施前至少4个星期，承包商要将配合比设计方案的报告呈送给工程师以获得认可。
v【例句】The liquid fuel rocket, which is continually being improved, is used in aircraft as well as for research in the upper air and for putting earth satellites into orbits. v【译文】液体燃料火箭不断得到改进，可用在飞行器上，也用来研究高层大气和把地球卫星送入轨道97 形容词转化成副词形容词转化成副词 v【例句】According to analyses of the electricity elasticity coefficient changes in China, this paper presents that it has been a period of steady increase in national economy, social development and electricity demand for China.v【译文】从我国历史上电力弹性系数的变化规律分析,当前我国的电力弹性系数,预示着我国已进入了经济、社会和电力需求的一个稳定增长的时期。
v【例句】The only way to fully justify these significant capital and operating expenses is by saving in production of iron resulting from allowing the metal to reach high sulfur values, too high for steel production. v【译文】减少对于（原来）炼钢来说含硫量过高而现在经过脱硫处理可以使用的生铁的产量是这部分可观自己和操作费用的唯一合理的理由98 句子中的转化译法句子中的转化译法转换为汉语主语转换为汉语主语v【例句】There are many different elements in nature.v【译文】自然界有很多不同的元素v【例句】The routing of the Contractor’s haul vehicles and all other equipment across the foundations or placed fill shall be such as to avoid adversely affecting any part of the work.v【译文】行驶在基础面或铺垫材料上的承包商的牵引车辆或其他设备应该避免对工程的任意部分产生负面影响。
v【例句】The ground shall be excavated by such methods as shall allow for the proper construction of the works.v【译文】场地开挖的方法应该充分考虑到工程施工的适当性99 v【例句】Solids have a shape independent of the container.v【译文】固体的形状与容器无关v【例句】Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton.v【译文】中子的质量略大于质子的质量v【例句】We are on the supposition that nothing in the world moves faster than light.v【译文】我们认为，世界上没有一种物质运动速度能超过光速v【例句】To overcome it and to improve the performance of the algorithm, an improved Gibbs sampling strategy YGMS(Yeast Gibbs Motif Sampler) for finding motifs in gene sequences of yeast is present.v【译文】为此，提出了一种改进的吉布斯采样策略YGMS (Yeast Gibbs Motif Sampler)来识别酿酒酵母共表达基因调控区域转录因子结合位点。
转换为汉语谓语转换为汉语谓语 100 v【例句】Work is performed when we row a boat, run upstairs, lift a box or any other thing from the floor, etc., because in each of these cases we must use a force through a distance.v【译文】我们划船、上楼梯、从地板上提起箱子或其他任何东西时，我们都在做功，因为在上述每一种情况下，我们必须使力通过一段距离v【例句】For our purposes, refractory will be classified with reference to the raw materials used in their preparation and to the minerals predominating after processing for use.v【译文】因此，我们根据所准备的原料和加工后的主要矿物质对耐火材料进行分类v【例句】If there is a hydroelectric plant at the waterfall, the energy of the falling water is used to drive the turbines.v【译文】假如在瀑布附近有一水电站，那么就利用流下的水的能量驱动涡轮机。
转换为汉语宾语转换为汉语宾语101 v【例句】As for appendicitis, early diagnosis is of the ultimate importance.v【译文】阑尾炎的早期诊断极为重要v【例句】Typically, the risk analysis results are used to establish realistic schedules compatible with acceptable levels of technical, cost and schedule risks.v【译文】风险分析结果典型的应用是确立与允许的技术、成本和日程风险级别一致的实际日程v【例句】A semiconductor material has poorer conductivity than a conductor, but better conductivity than an insulator.v【译文】半导体材料的导电性比导体差，但比绝缘体好v【例句】In any machine, input work equals output work plus work done against friction.v【译文】任何机器的输入功都等于输出功加上克服摩擦所做的功。
转换为汉语定语转换为汉语定语102 转换为汉语状语转换为汉语状语 v【例句】Important mathematical theories, developed as abstract sciences from apparently quite arbitrary sets of postulates, have later proved to be useful tools in applications of mathematics.v【译文】重要的数学理论虽然是从表面上十分任意的几组假设出发，作为抽象科学发展起来的，但后来却证明是数学应用中的有用工具v【例句】They are not restricted in their exploration to our present knowledge of space or time.v【译文】在对这些领域进行探索时，他们并不局限在我们关于空间和时间的现有知识范围内v【例句】It seemed obvious that the curvature of the earth across the Atlantic would resist the straight transmission of the radio wave.v【译文】事情似乎很明显，跨越大西洋时地球弧度会阻碍无线电波的直线传播。
103 转换为汉语补语转换为汉语补语v【例句】Comparing with classical ABS method using potassium bichromate standard solution, this new method gives the Cr~(3+) mass concentration of 706,7037,and 1084 mg/L, being much more close to the known value of 700,750,and 1100 mg/L for three Cr-cross-linked polymer solution samples.v【译文】与使用重铬酸钾标准溶液的传统原子吸收光谱法相比，这种新方法测定的3个铬交联聚合物溶液样中的Cr3+质量浓度(706,737,1084 mg/L)，与已知值(700,750,1100 mg/L)的相似度更高v【例句】The system of nerves in human heads is unimaginably complicated.v【译文】人脑部的神经系统复杂得难以想象 104 从句译成主句从句译成主句 v【例句】No sooner were the piece of charcoal rubbed against the glass rod than electricity appeared on the rod. v【译文】木炭同玻璃棒一摩擦，棒上就会出现电。
v【例句】The direction of the current was decided before electrons were discovered.v【译文】确定了电流有方向，电子才被发现v【例句】Messages have to be changed from sound into electricity before they can be sent by radio.v【译文】信息必须先从声音转变成电，然后才能有无线电传递105 定语从句的翻译定语从句的翻译v【例句】The job of the control engineer of a power station is to make sure that electric power is generated with as little waste as possible, and he has to deal promptly with anything that goes wrong.v【译文】发电厂控制工程师的工作就是保证发电过程中尽可能不发生浪费现象，并且必须及时处理所发生的任何故障v【例句】Electronic computers, which make it possible to free man from the labor of complex measurements and computations but impossible to replace human, have found wide application in engineering. v【译文】电子计算机在工程技术上已经得到广泛应用，它使人们可能摆脱复杂的测量和计算劳动但是不能代替人类。
v【例句】The Contractor shall provide water tanks of sufficient capacity for grouting, flushing, water testing and drilling operations, which shall be fitted with adequate by-pass pipes and fittings for multipurpose use.v【译文】承包商应提供多个充足容量的水箱，水箱上配有适量的迂回管和其他配件此水箱可用于多种目的，如灌浆、冲洗、水质测试和钻井活动106 v【例句】Surface subsidence was most serious in certain areas where large qualities of underground water were pumped out.v【译文】在大量抽取地下水的地区，地面下沉非常严重v【例句】Wafer processing steps will be considered in the order in which they are per formed on integrated circuit wafers.v【译文】晶片加工工序将按照制造集成电路时的先后顺序加以研究。
v【例句】One of the compelling reasons why the electric furnace is presently attracting much attention as a method for steel-making derives from the fact the price of electricity is likely to increase at a somewhat slower rate than most other forms of energy.v【译文】当今的电炉作为一种炼钢方法大卫引人注意的重大原因之一，是起源于制宜实施，即将来电力价格的上涨速度可能稍慢于大多数其他形式的能源的上涨速度v【例句】The process of direct reduction can provide a charge for the electric furnace that (which ) is estimated today, under favorable conditions, at between $40 and $49 per ton of iron, according to the quality of the ore and other variables.v【译文】直接还原法能为电炉提供这样的炉料，其价格目前在有利条件下估计为40-49美元/吨铁，视铁矿的质量极其他可变因素而定。
107 增补法增补法 v【例句】At low frequencies, the DC resistance of a given conductor is essentially the same as its AC resistance.v【译文】在低频情况下，给定导体的直流电阻实际上与其交流电阻一样v【例句】This wire is as long again as that. v【译文】这跟金属线的长度为那根的两倍v【例句】The top-blown process is currently the more common of the two, but is gradually giving way to bottom-blown oxygen steelmaking in new plants.v【译文】当前顶吹比底吹工艺更普遍采用，但新钢厂中逐渐被底吹氧气炼钢工艺所代替v【例句】In addition to such legislation and its enforcement, major government restructuring is also needed to effectively root out harmful administrative monopoly.v【译文】为了有效地根除有害的行政垄断行为，除了这类法律的立法和实施之外，政府机构的重大改革也是必要的。
108 v【例句】Possessing high conductivity of heat and electricity, aluminum finds wide application in industry. v【译文】由于铝具有高度的导热性及导电性，所以在工业上获得了广泛的应用v【例句】The size of the copper conductors will depend primarily on the current to be carried. v【译文】铜导体尺寸的大小主要取决于所要输送的电流v【例句】Electronic methods allow for greater speed, accuracy and flexibility in the operation of control systems.v【译文】采用电子控制方法能使控制系统的操作更迅速，更准确，而且更灵活v【例句】When these are burned, the resulting thrust caused by the intensely hot and expanding gases can be controlled and directed to push the rocket in the required direction.v【译文】当混合剂燃烧时，有灼热的膨胀燃气所产生的推力，其大小可以控制，方向也可以调整，从而推动火箭朝预定的方向飞行。
v【例句】This experience, however, had been in the realm of far less stringent operational requirements and conditions, particularly in regard to power dissipation.v【译文】但这些经验是在极不严格的工作要求和工作环境下取得的，特别是在功耗方面更是如此109 省略法省略法 v【例句】As soon as a positive charge approaches an electron, it combines with the latter.v【译文】正电荷一接触到电子就马上与它结合v【例句】When current flows in a conductor, the electrical energy converted into heat is directly proportional to the length of time the current flows..v【译文】电流流过导体时，转换出能量的电能与通电的时间成正比v【例句】The silicon crystal lends itself very readily to a two-dimensional representation.v【译文】硅晶体很容易用平面图来表示。
v【例句】A toolroom or toolmaker’s lathe looks like a regular engine lathe but is built more accurately, has more speeds and feeds and accessories, and costs more. v【译文】工具车床看起来像一般的普通车床，但结构更精密，而且转速更高、进给量更大，并带有更多的附件，造价就更高v【例句】There can never be a force acting in nature unless two bodies are involved.v【译文】在自然界中如果不涉及两个物体，就不能有理想的导体110 被动语态的译法被动语态的译法v【例句】Even when the pressure stays the same, great changes in air density are caused by changes in temperature.v【译文】既是压力不变，气温的变化也能引起空气密度的巨大变化v【例句】Thermo-plastic materials can be softened and re-softened repeatedly by the application of heat and pressure, provided they are not heated to such an extent that chemical decomposition takes place.v【译文】只要不加热到发生化学分解的程度，热塑性塑料便可通过加温加压加以反复软化。
v【例句】The Dessemer Process uses a furnace called a “converter”. The outside of the converter is made of steel plates. The inside is lined with bricks. The converter is tipped on to its inside and the charge of molten iron is poured into the top. Then the converter is put upright again. A blast of air is blown through holes in the base of the converter. This is called “blow”. v【译文】酸性转炉法使用称为“转炉”的高炉转炉的外壳有钢板制成内部用耐火砖衬砌把转炉向一侧倾转后，从炉顶上把铁水倒入炉中再把炉子转回直立位置从炉子底部的孔中把空气吹入炉中——称为“鼓风”111 v【例句】The arrangement of the electrons can not be represented in any elementary way, but can be analyzed by advanced mathematical methods.v【译文】电子的排列无法用任何初等方法来表示，但可以用高等数学方法来分析。
v【例句】However, all the benefit obtained by a well designed isolator system can be lost by short-circuiting of the mountings. This will most commonly happen by way of right pipe connections making a solid bridge between the pump and the rest of the plant.v【译文】但是，设计的很好的隔音系统，所获得的好处会为安装构架的“短路”抵消；而当泵与其余设备部分之间采用整体构架的刚性管件连接时，常会发生这种“短路”现象v【例句】The energy levels can be studied in detail by measurements on the emission and absorption spectra and by electron impact experiments.v【译文】这些能级可以通过对发射与吸收光谱的测量以及通过电子碰撞实验进行详细研究。
v【例句】Since the two bellows are joined with a rod between them, their movement changes the position of an arm which is linked to the rod.v【译文】因为两个膜盒通过一根杆连接，膜盒的运动就会改变与杆连接的一根臂的位置112 否定句的翻译否定句的翻译v【例句】Failure o obtain experimental verification of predictions may not overthrow a theory, but causes its modification and often enriches it. v【译文】预言要是得不到实验的验证，也不会推翻理论，而会是该理论得到修正，并且会常常丰富这一理论v【例句】It is gravity that keeps us from falling off.v【译文】正是引力使我们不会脱离地球v【例句】Semiconductor devices have no filament or heaters and therefore require no heating power or warm-up time.v【译文】半导体器件没有灯丝，因此也不需要加热功率或加热时间。
v【例句】Not until the invention of the high altitude rocket did the direct study of upper atmosphere become possible.v【译文】直到高空火箭发明后，直接研究上上层大气才成为可能v【例句】An insulator is a substance that contains very few free electrons and whose atoms have no lose held orbital electrons.v【译文】绝缘体是一种含有很少自由电子的材料，它的原子把电子紧紧吸在轨道上113 第四讲第四讲 科技英语中长难句的翻译科技英语中长难句的翻译第五讲第五讲 练习课练习课114 长难句 vEnglish: nouns + attributive phrases/ clausesv prepositional phrases/adverbial clauses added to verbs or v those at the beginning of the sentence vone in another several layers of meanings vHypotactic structure (包孕结构)vChinese: with one short sentence a meaning; v a sequence of sentences vParatactic structure (流水结构)115 翻译过程 v1. A thorough understanding of the original sentence 理解原句v2.appropriate translation methods involved 翻译方法 v3. checking (content; language) 检查116 Translation Methods for Translation of Long, Complex Sentences in EST科技英语长难句翻译方法117 1. 顺译法vE.g. 1) Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quantity of the natural products cannot meet our ever-increasing requirement, or more often, because the physical properties of the synthetic substances, which is the common name for man-made materials, have been chosen, and even emphasized so that it would be of the greatest use in the field which it is to be applied. v许多人造材料正在取代天然材料,这或者因为天然产品的数量不能满足人类不断增长的需要,或者更多地因为合成物(这是各种人造材料的统名称)的物理性能被选中,甚至受到极大重视,因而使得它会在准备加以采用的领域获得最大量的重视。
118 1. 顺译法顺译法 v2) No such limitation is placed on an alternating-current machine; here the only requirement is relative motion, and since a stationary armature and a rotating field system have numerous advantages, this arrangement is standard practice for all synchronous machines rated above a few kilovolt-amperes. v交流机不受这种限制,唯一的要求是相对移动,而且由于固定电枢和旋转磁场有很多优点,这种安排是所有容量超过几千伏安的同步机的标准做法119 2. 逆序法e.g. 3) Various machine parts can be washed very clean and will be as clean as new ones when they are treated by ultrasonic, no matter how dirty and irregularly shaped they may be. 各种机器零件无论搞得多么脏,形状弄得多么不规则,一旦用超声波处理后,就可以被洗得干干净净,甚至干净得像新机器零件一样。
120 2. 逆序法v4) Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity. v由于铝总是和其他元素--- 最常见的是氧(因为铝对氧有很强的亲和力)--- 结合在一起,所以在自然界任何地方都找不到处于游离状态的铝, 因而直到19世纪才为人们所知道121 3. 分译法/拆译vE.g. 5) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. v 宇宙膨胀学说虽然听似奇特,但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论,在科学上看来是可信的推论。
许多天体物理学家十年来一直认为这一论说是正确的122 3. 分译法/拆译v6) The loads a structure is subjected to are divided into dead loads, which include the weights of all the parts of the structure, and live loads, which are due to the weights of people, movable equipment, etc. v一个结构受到的载荷可以分为静载和动载两类静载包括该结构各部分的重量动载则是由于人和可移动设备等的重量而引起的载荷123 4. 综合法v7) With the advent of the space shuttle, it will be possible to put an orbiting solar power plant in stationary orbit 24000 miles from the earth that would collect solar energy almost continuously and convert this energy either directly to electricity via photovoltaic cells or indirectly with flat plate or focused collectors that would boil a carrying medium to produce steam that would drive a turbine that then in turn would generate electricity. 124 4. 综合法v7) 随着航天飞机的出现,有可能把一个沿轨道运行的太阳能发电站送到离地球24000英里的一条定常轨道上去。
这个太阳能发电站几乎不间断地采集太阳能它还能够用光电池将太阳能直接转换成电能,或者用平板集热器或聚焦集热器将太阳能转换成电能,即集热器使热传导体汽化,驱动涡轮机发电125 4. 综合法v8) The super-cooling effects of the cryogenics which convert liquid helium and other gases into “superfluids” and metals into “superconductors”, making them non-resistant to electricity, could change the world in a number of ways. v低温学的过冷作用将液态氦及某些气体变成 “超流体”,将某些金属变成 “超导体”, 使它们没有电阻,从而可以用许多方法改变世界面貌126 Group WorkTranslation Practice in Class 127 vIf such alloys possess other properties which make them suitable for die casting, they are obvious choices for the process, because their lower melting point will lead to longer die lives than would be obtained with alloys of higher melting points.v如果这类合金具有使它们适于压铸的其他如果这类合金具有使它们适于压铸的其他性能，它们显然可以被选来用于压铸，因性能，它们显然可以被选来用于压铸，因为它们熔点较低，比起高熔点合金来可以为它们熔点较低，比起高熔点合金来可以延长压铸模寿命。
延长压铸模寿命 拉模铸造拉模铸造磨磨具具寿寿命命Sample 1 128 vScientists are learning a great deal about how the large plates in the earth’s crust move, the stresses between plates, how earthquakes work, and the general probability that given place will have an earthquake, although they still cannot predict earthquake.v尽管科学家仍无法预测地震，但对地壳尽管科学家仍无法预测地震，但对地壳中的大板块如何运动，板块间的压力如中的大板块如何运动，板块间的压力如何，地震如何发生，某地区发生地震的何，地震如何发生，某地区发生地震的一般概率为多少，他们了解得越来越多一般概率为多少，他们了解得越来越多129 Sample 2 vConstruction materials are generally solid materials or harden into solid materials. They can be grouped into three fundamental types: (1) ceramics, which are made from such materials as clay, (2) metals, which are extracted from ores, (3) organic materials, which with the exception of wood and bitumens are largely a relatively recent development.130 v1. 结构材料通常都是固体材料或者凝结后成为结构材料通常都是固体材料或者凝结后成为固体材料。
固体材料v2. 结构材料可分为三种基本类型：陶瓷、金属、结构材料可分为三种基本类型：陶瓷、金属、有机材料有机材料v3. 陶瓷是像粘土那样材料的制品陶瓷是像粘土那样材料的制品v4. 金属是从矿中提取金属是从矿中提取v5. 有机物除木料和沥青外大部分都是较近才开有机物除木料和沥青外大部分都是较近才开发出来的材料发出来的材料131 v结构材料通常都是固体材料或者凝结结构材料通常都是固体材料或者凝结后成为固体材料，可分为三种基本类后成为固体材料，可分为三种基本类型：陶瓷、金属、有机材料陶瓷是型：陶瓷、金属、有机材料陶瓷是像粘土那样材料的制品，金属是从矿像粘土那样材料的制品，金属是从矿中提取而来，有机物则除木料和沥青中提取而来，有机物则除木料和沥青外大部分都是较近才开发出来的材料外大部分都是较近才开发出来的材料132 Sample 3v For chemists, physicists, material scientists, astronauts and dreamers across the globe, / the space elevator/ represents the most tantalizing逗人的，惹弄人的，撩人的，煽逗人的，惹弄人的，撩人的，煽情的情的 of concepts:/ cables stronger and lighter than any fiber yet woven,/ tethered练练栓栓,拘束拘束 to the ground / and disappearing beyond the atmosphere to a satellite docking station (in geosynchronous与地球的相对位与地球的相对位置不变的置不变的 orbit above Earth).133 v对全球的化学家、物理学家、材料学对全球的化学家、物理学家、材料学家、航天员与梦想者们来说，太空电家、航天员与梦想者们来说，太空电梯都代表着最引人入胜的概念：比任梯都代表着最引人入胜的概念：比任何机织纤维都更强更轻的线缆，一端何机织纤维都更强更轻的线缆，一端系于地表，另一端消失在大气层外地系于地表，另一端消失在大气层外地球同步卫星轨道上的卫星对接站中。
球同步卫星轨道上的卫星对接站中134 Sample 4vAcupuncture, which involves inserting fine needles under the skin at particular points in the body / depending on the condition being treated, / has long been used in China to / help with a range of diagnoses, / including regulating female reproduction.135 v针刺疗法（针刺疗法（acupuncture）指的是）指的是将一些纤细的（将一些纤细的（fine）针在身体一）针在身体一些特定的点（穴位）上刺入皮下，些特定的点（穴位）上刺入皮下，针刺的穴位取决于所治的病情针刺的穴位取决于所治的病情针刺疗法在中国运用的历史非常针刺疗法在中国运用的历史非常悠久，可以帮助诊治许多疾病，悠久，可以帮助诊治许多疾病，包括调整女性的生育状态包括调整女性的生育状态136 Sample 5vSince splash lubrication is applied to various portions, the machine must be run idle for a while. This is to ensure the perfect distribution of lubricant after putting on the power switch at the right-front of the headstock, engaging lever H2 at the right side of the apron to the low, setting lever H1 at the front of the headstock to the neutral, and operating the starting lever H3 of lever H2.137 v1. 机床各部位都采用了飞溅式润滑。
v2. 必须使机床空转一段时间v3. 要保证润滑油均匀分布v4. 把床头箱前右边的电源开关启动v5. 把溜板箱右面的手柄H2扳到低速位置v6. 把床头箱前的手柄H1置于空档v7. 扳动手柄H2的启动杠杆H3138 v先启动把床头箱前右边的电源开关，把溜板先启动把床头箱前右边的电源开关，把溜板箱右面的手柄箱右面的手柄H2扳到低速位置，置床头箱扳到低速位置，置床头箱前的手柄前的手柄H1于空档，再扳动手柄于空档，再扳动手柄H2的启动的启动杠杆杠杆H3做了这些动作之后，让机床空转做了这些动作之后，让机床空转一段时间，以保证润滑油均匀分布，这是因一段时间，以保证润滑油均匀分布，这是因为机床各部位都采用了飞溅式润滑为机床各部位都采用了飞溅式润滑139 Sample 6vUp and down the 22,000 mile-long (36,000 km) cables—or flat ribbons / will run the elevator carriages, / themselves requiring huge breakthroughs in engineering / to which the biggest Japanese companies and universities have turned their collective attention.140 v1. Up and down the 22,000 mile-long (36,000 km) cables—or flat ribbons;v在2.2万英里（3.6万公里）长的圆形（或扁平带状）线缆上上下穿梭；v2. will run the elevator carriages；v运行太空电梯的梯舱；v3. themselves requiring huge breakthroughs in engineering；v梯舱本身需要重大的工程学突破；v4. to which the biggest Japanese companies and universities have turned their collective attention；v日本最大的公司和高校共同关注的重大的工程学突破。
141 v太空电梯的梯舱将靠这太空电梯的梯舱将靠这2.2万英里万英里（（3.6万公里）长的圆形（或扁平带状）万公里）长的圆形（或扁平带状）线缆上下穿梭梯舱本身的设计制造线缆上下穿梭梯舱本身的设计制造需要重大的工程学突破，这也引起了需要重大的工程学突破，这也引起了日本最大的公司和高校的共同关注日本最大的公司和高校的共同关注142 Sample 7v The answer , according to the groups working on designs, will lie in carbon nanotubes—microscopic particles that can be formed into fibres and whose mass production is now a focus of Japan’s big textile companies.143 v1. according to the groups working on designs;v根据一些设计小组的说法；v2. The answer will lie in carbon nanotubes—microscopic particles;v答案在于碳质纳米管——微小粒子；v3. that can be formed into fibres ；v能够形成纤维的v4. whose mass production is now a focus of Japan’s big textile companies；v它的大规模生产如今成为了日本的一些大型纺织公司的关注对象。
微小粒子微小粒子碳质纳米管碳质纳米管144 v据一些设计小组的说法，解决之道在据一些设计小组的说法，解决之道在于应用碳质纳米管于应用碳质纳米管——能够合成为纤能够合成为纤维的微小粒子日本的一些大型纺织维的微小粒子日本的一些大型纺织公司如今都在关注碳质纳米管的大规公司如今都在关注碳质纳米管的大规模生产145 Sample 8vCurrent research 【【in industry leader France】】—(which relies on nuclear energy for more than 70% percent of its electricity, more than any other country)—is focusing on new chemical processes (that would shrink nuclear waste and cool it faster).146 v 处于世界核工业领先地位的法国超过处于世界核工业领先地位的法国超过70%的电力依赖于核能，比例高于其的电力依赖于核能，比例高于其他各国该国目前在集中力量研究能他各国该国目前在集中力量研究能够使核废料体积缩小并更快冷却的新够使核废料体积缩小并更快冷却的新的化学处理方法。
的化学处理方法147 Sample 9vSoon light-weight phones (outfitted with high-resolution screens) will be connected to satellites / enabling people to talk, send and receive e-mail, or take part in video conferences anytime, anywhere. 148 v不久以后，配有高分辨率显示屏的轻不久以后，配有高分辨率显示屏的轻巧便可以与卫星连接，人们可以巧便可以与卫星连接，人们可以随时随地通话，收发电子邮件或者参随时随地通话，收发电子邮件或者参加视像会议加视像会议 149 Sample 10vMobile devices are expected to be ideal / for some of the new personalized services / that are becoming available via the Internet, (such as trading stocks, gambling, shopping and buying theater and airline tickets). 150 v移动通信工具有望成为一种理想的装移动通信工具有望成为一种理想的装备，提供经由互联网实现的一些全新备，提供经由互联网实现的一些全新个性化服务个性化服务------ 比如说网上股票交易、比如说网上股票交易、博彩、购物及预定戏票和飞机票。
博彩、购物及预定戏票和飞机票151 Sample 11vIn the early 1950’s，，historians who studied preindustrial Europe /（（which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800））began，，for the first time in large numbers，，/ to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent ( who comprised the political and social elite：：the kings，，generals，，judges，，nobles，，bishops，，and local magnates) who had hitherto至今为止至今为止 usually filled history books. 152 v二十世纪五十年代早期，研究前工业化时代欧二十世纪五十年代早期，研究前工业化时代欧洲（此处我们可将其界定为约自洲（此处我们可将其界定为约自1300年至年至1800年这一时期的欧洲）的史学家，首次以众多的年这一时期的欧洲）的史学家，首次以众多的人数，开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大人数，开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大多数，而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的多数，而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口，即国王、将军、法官、百分之二或三的人口，即国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵，而正是贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵，而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。
这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作 153 Sample 12vSuch variations in size，，shape，，chemistry, conduction speed，，excitation threshold，，and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells / remained negligible微不足道的微不足道的 in significance / for any possible correlation with the manifold多种多样多种多样的的 dimensions of mental experience.154 v类似于这些已经被在神经细胞中类似于这些已经被在神经细胞中证明的在大小、形状、化学过程、证明的在大小、形状、化学过程、产生的速度、兴奋阈值及其类似产生的速度、兴奋阈值及其类似的方面上所发生变化，当它们被的方面上所发生变化，当它们被用来与大脑体验的方方面面以可用来与大脑体验的方方面面以可能的方式联系起来的时候，它们能的方式联系起来的时候，它们在重要性上仍然是微不足道的在重要性上仍然是微不足道的。
155 Sample 13vIt is not known how rare this resemblance is, or whether it is most often seen in inclusions内含物内含物 of silicates硅酸盐硅酸盐 such as garnet石榴石石榴石, whose crystallography晶体结构晶体结构 is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond金刚石金刚石; but when present, the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic同源的同源的. 156 v现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步，也不现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步，也不知道是否它最常见于像石榴石一类的硅酸盐知道是否它最常见于像石榴石一类的硅酸盐内含物中，而这类物质的晶体结构普遍地在内含物中，而这类物质的晶体结构普遍地在某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构。
但一某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构但一旦存在，这种类似就被视作极有说服力的证旦存在，这种类似就被视作极有说服力的证据，证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的据，证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的 157 Sample 14vThe new synthetic compound, / which removes a molecule safety catch (安全制安全制动装置动装置) / that activates a natural executioner in the body’s cells, / could lead to better treatments of cancers (including those affecting the lung, skin, breast, kidney and colon).158 v这种新的合成化合物会打开分这种新的合成化合物会打开分子保险栓以激活人体细胞里的子保险栓以激活人体细胞里的天然刽子手，从而可以导致对天然刽子手，从而可以导致对肺癌、皮肤癌、乳腺癌、肾癌肺癌、皮肤癌、乳腺癌、肾癌和结肠癌更有效的治疗和结肠癌更有效的治疗159 第六讲第六讲 科技论文摘要的翻译科技论文摘要的翻译 第七讲第七讲 练习课练习课160 9.1 Basic Information on AbstractvWhat is abstract?vAbstract is the main idea of the paper. It is a brief summary of the research that has been carried out, which includes the purpose, the methods, thesis statement, major arguments and conclusion of the research and its significance. It shall be clear and complete. 161 vKey WordsvKey words are provided for document retrieve. They shall cover the major terminologies used in the paper. vUsually, 3 to 8 words shall be listed. v Length v≤250 notional words for English abstract v200～ 300 Chinese Characters for Chinese One162 Basic Information on Abstract vContentsv1. What has been done.v2. Methods introduced briefly/Perspective v3. Findings/discoveryv4. Conclusion163 Types of Abstract vInformative AbstractIt gives as much important information as can be crammed into the word limit. vIt also give specific information about problems , method, result, or conclusion.vSeveral paragraphsvProper for science, technology, and medicine. 164 Types of AbstractvDescriptive/ Indicative AbstractIt describes reports. It doesn’t give any specific information about the problem, method, result, or conclusion. vOne paragraph only.vProper for theoretical essays in liberal arts, economics etc. 165 Sample of Descriptive AbstractvThe purpose of this program is to provide generalized crack growth tracking procedures for transport bomber aircraft. A study and tests were conducted on crack growth rate characteristics, analysis schemes were developed, and tracking procedures were evaluated.166 Sample of Informative AbstractvThis paper explores the history of one company and its bid for survival in the rapidly changing world of today.v It examines the plastics industry in America and the position of the company within it, detailing the growth of the company over the past 50 years and the expansion of the product range and facilities to the present time.167 Writing of Abstract v1) purpose(研究目的): 阐述研究工作的目的、理论基础、进 展 情 况; v2) methods(研 究 内 容 和 方 法): 写出研究的对象、所用的方法、技术和仪器设备等; v3) results(研究结果):概述主要发展, 列出研究的主要结果和数据; v4) conclusion(讨论): 着重讨论新的和重要的发现以及从中得出的结论。
168 Writing of Abstract in English 1)研究目的: 研究“目的”是在着手研究时已确定的, 按英美写作习惯, 一般用过去时表达但如果是指本文的目的, 则用一般现在时; 2)研究内容和方法: 指做了哪些研究及研究途径, 采用的模型、实验所用的原理、理论和方法等, 一般用过去时; 3)研究结果: 研究工作是作者在撰写论文之前进行的, 所以在表示研究过程中的动作和状态通常用一般过去时, 但有时为了强调某一行为或状态已完成或持续到撰写论文时也可用现在完成时; 4)讨论: 表示作者本人的观点、意见以及对所进行的研究的总结等, 通常用一般现在时169 Sentence Patterns in English AbstractvSentence Patterns for the first sentence:v1) Sentence patterns with active voice involved:v①The author or writer looks at the problem of …v②The paper discuss…v③The purpose of the article is to determine…v④The writer has found the problem of …170 Sentence Patterns in English Abstractv2) Sentence patterns with active voice involved: v①An investigation was designed to test …v②The disagreements between…are discussed…v③The new method of …was popularized…v④A concept and its form have been advanced…171 Sentence Patterns in English Abstractv3) Verbs commonly used:vdiscuss, study, research , describe , explain, expound, confirm, verify, clarify, prove , testify,vshow, bear out , point out , instruct , illustrate , put forward, advance , analyze , sum up , summarize , introduce , present , elaborate.172 Sentence Patterns in English AbstractvPatterns for the last sentence:v1) The results show that …v2) The author suggests or concludes that …v3) It recommended that …v4) It has bee found…v5) It concluded to be…v6) Finally, some significant agreements…173 Sentence Patterns in English AbstractvThe use of non-restrictive verbs:v在英文摘要中,常用非谓语动词,它不仅代替了某些从句,压缩了句子的长度,从而使文章的结构显得紧凑,使表达显得简洁明快,风格上高雅,达到用尽可能简练的词语表达思想的目的。
174 v例1 Failing to be short of funds, he decided to give up the research. v由于缺乏贵金,他决定放弃此项研究v(用分词短语代替原因从句)v例2 The article’s discussed ways to guarantee high output. v此文讨论了保证高产量的方法v(用动词不定式代替定语从句)175 v例3 Tides are caused by the moon and sun pulling water toward them. v海潮是由于月亮和太阳吸引海水而引起的v(用动名词的复合结构代替定语从句)v例4 Burning the fuel , the machine give off a heavy smog. v使用燃料的同时,机器放出浓浓烟雾v(用动名词短语代替时间状语从句)176 Sentence Patterns in English Abstractvtopic sentence(第一句,开门见山、点明主题)v常用的句式有:v(1) The paper describes (introduces, gives, studies, discusses, presents, outlines, deals with etc. ) the structure and design of the electric detonator used in oil field and its present situation and trend in our country. v本文介绍(讨论, 提出, 研究, 叙述)了国内外油田电雷管的结构特征、设计原理以及我国油田用电雷管的现状及其发展。
177 Sentence Patterns in English Abstractv(2) The sensitivity of stab composition containing lead styphnate is (was ) studied ( discussed, proposed, introduced, put forward etc. ). v本文研究(讨论, 提出, 叙述)了含斯蒂芬酸铅针刺药的感度178 Sentence Patterns in English Abstractv(3) The purpose of this study is to establish a sound ground for the safety design of explosive trains and the application of explosives. v本文研究旨在为引信传爆序列的安全性设计和炸药的应用提供了重要依据179 Sentence Patterns in English Abstractvsupporting sentence(简短展开, 进一步叙v述主题句的具体内容), v常用的句式有:v(1) Some theoretical calculations and verification tests were carried out on thrust forces and time of action of piston actuators as explosive detonators. v对活塞作动器的输出推力和作功时间从理论上进v行了计算, 并进行了实验验证。
180 Sentence Patterns in English Abstractv(2) The comparative analysis is made to the existing problem s in the initiating explosive device used in the hand grenade.v对手榴弹现用火工品存在的问题进行了对比分析v(3) The theoretical prediction is derived from the Monte Carlo procedure.v根据Monte Carlo 方法导出该理论算式181 Translation of Abstract 摘要的翻译摘要的翻译182 From English to Chinese vE.g.1 The scientific development and talent character of the information society are elaborated. The author points out that in the information society the technical and economic competition is firstly manifested by the information competition. And the one acquiring information quickly and accurately will be the winner in the keen competition.v此篇论述了信息社会的科技发展和人才特征,明确指出,在信息社会,技术和经济的竞争首先表现为情报信息的竞争,谁能迅速准确地获得信息,谁就能在竞争中成为强者。
183 English to Chinese vE.g.2 Presents a coupling neutral network calculation model based on Unit BP- neutral network and studies its application in underground rock mass stability evaluation system. An example shows that coupling neutral calculation of underground rock mass stability is advanced and practical in engineering.v给出了一个基本BP神经网络拓扑而成的偶合神经计算模型,对其在底下工程岩体稳定性的评价系统中的应用进行了研究结果表明:偶合神经计算底下工程岩体稳定性评价系统有较好的实用性和先进性184 Translation of AbstractvSteps in translating work 摘要翻译的注意事项v1. Key wordsv2. structurev3. Logics betweenv4. Check185 Tips for translating workv1. Taking a whole logically connected block into consideration. (prerequisite)v2. Adjusting orders of sentences according to the logic and structure vrequirements. (key)v3. Don’t be afraid of supplementing and deducting some words while translating from Chinese into English. (key)v4. Check (guarantee/crucial)186 v采用改进的RNA指纹技术对两套大白菜胞质雄性不育材料及其杂种F1花蕾的总RNA进行了分析， 通过对186条随机引物的筛选， 获得4个重复性较好的差异片段。
并对其克隆、测序vFingerprintingvCytoplasmic male sterility v(胞质雄性不育材料)vDifferential fragment Flower budvPrimers(引物) sequence 测序vF1 hybrids 杂种187 Key words /Terminologies v有关名词和术语一定要有来源和出处v在科学发展中出现的新名词,应查阅有关资料的词典除了《汉语主题词表》、《MESH》外,还应查阅有关英文资料vGoogle it !v“转基因食品”--- “GM food” (genetically modified food) v --- “GMO food” vWhich is popular? v“GM food” --- 590 ,000 more popular, more accurate vGMO food --- 31 ,200188 v采用采用---分析分析vSubject: 两套大白菜两套大白菜胞质雄性不育材料胞质雄性不育材料及其及其杂种杂种F1花蕾花蕾的总的总RNA/指纹技术指纹技术vVerb: 分析分析/采用采用vAdverb: 采用采用189 v1. In order to study the differential expression of the genes related to cytoplasmic male sterility in Chinese Cabbage, a modified RNA fingerprinting technique was developed to compare the difference in the total RNA.v2. To study the differential expression , a modified fingerprinting technique was applied to analyzing the total RNA of cytoplasmic male sterility in Chinese Cabbage. 190 v通过---获得vSubject: 我们 （indicated）vVerb: 获得，克隆， 测序 vAdverb/prep.: 通过vFour stable differential fragments were amplified with primers selected from 186 random primers. 191 v根据各差异条带的测序结果合成长引物进行验证， S47，S93所对应的差异消失， 而176， 199 长引物验证的结果与RAP-PCR相似, 序列分析表明…vAfter these four fragments were cloned and sequenced, specific primers were designed to validate the differential fragments. The validation showed …were false positive and …were confirmed by PRC with the specific primers. Sequence analysis revealed …192 Tips in Translation (from Chinese to English) (1) Straight to the point. A brief summary of the paper including the main idea, results, conclusion, purpose, etc. and important data. (2) Do not repeat the title at the first sentence. Proper supplements are necessary if needed. (3) No chart, chemical equations, and unfamiliar codes and terminologies are allowed. (4) The first person should be avoided. It can be replaced by “ the author”.193 Tips in Translation (from Chinese to English)v(5) Use of passive voice and tensevAvoid using the same tense (e.g. the simple present tense) all the time. vAdjustments in tense or voice are necessary. v6) Pay attention to collocations, figures, data, etc. 194 Use of Tense v科技论文英文摘要所采用的时态主要有一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时。
一般现在时是使用最广泛的时态, 主要用于介绍、报道、综述文章的内容和背景材料以及作者的结论一般过去时主要用于研究项目已结束, 研究过程中所做的一切都已成为过去, 它是介绍某一具体项目的发展情况现在完成时用来说明项目的发展背景, 表示在另一现在时动作之前就完成的动作195 Translation from Chinese to English 科技论文摘要的英译科技论文摘要的英译v科技论文摘要是读者迅速掌握全文主题 ,了解一般情况的主要工具它包括介绍性内容 ,如目的、范围和限制 ,以及描述性信息 ,如实验性质和方法 ,主要的研究结果和结论摘要相对独立于正文 ,所包含的符号和缩写形式必须限定和解释通常摘要后还要附出关键词一篇好的论文摘要 ,甚至可作为独立的技术资料保存使用为此 ,英译时应注意以下几个问题 196 v1 正确选用人称、动词时态和语态v由于科技论文的摘要是对论文内容的客观陈述 ,所以英译时 ,宜用研究客体作主语 ,但也有用 The author ,This paper 等作主语的 ,前者与后者相比 ,既显得客观 ,又能避免叙述中内容的转移 ,从而维护了全文的统一性在此强调一点 ,摘要英译时绝对不能用we ,I等第一人称作主语。
197 由于摘要以研究客体作主语 ,且被动语态较主动语态更客观 ,这就决定了用被动语态但有时为了使摘要显得生动活泼 ,也可以被动为主 ,主动与被动交替使用至于时态 ,一般用一般过去时 ,但通过试验得出的结论 ,通常是对事实内在规律的反映 ,最好用一般现在时 ,对客观事物的陈述 ,也应用一般现在时198 摘要摘要:针对当前在实际中使用的加热炉和轧机的匹配制度存在的缺陷 ,提出一种基于钢坯期望出炉温度的推钢速率控制策略和基于斜坡函数的待轧控制策略 ,从而优化了加热炉和轧机的匹配制度 ,工业试验证明了这种匹配制度的合理性、简单性和易行性 Abstract: For defects in matching rules of re-heating furnace with rolling mill ,this paper proposed a push rate control strategy based on the target drop-out temperature and rolling delay control strategy based on temperature ramping rate, thus matching of reheating furnace with rolling mill is optimized. The proposed matching rules are feasible ,simple and easy to be implemented.199 v2 正确选用专业词汇v科技论文摘要英译时 ,专业词汇选择正确与否至关重要 ,它直接影响论文的检索和收录 ,影响其对外学术交流。
科技论文摘要英译时应体现各专业的特点 ,在选词造句上应特别注意v切忌切忌: v(1) 自造专业词汇 ,如:电解铝厂应为smelter ,乳状液为 latex;v(2)意思相近的词不加辨析、混用 ,如:建立数学模型为derive ,而非establish;v(3)望文生义 ,例如:粗粒弥散系为“true dispersion”,母液“spent liquor”200 v要做到正确规范地应用专业词汇 ,与国际标准接轨 ,必须谨慎择词 ,不能因中国人看懂了就算过关最好查阅权威的汉英、英汉专业科技词典 ,参阅国际大型专业索引或各专业文摘性期刊另外 ,平时阅读外文科技资料时还应注意对专业词汇的积累201 3 谨慎处理“数字”词语v在翻译过程中 ,常常会遇到一些表示“倍数”或者“百分比”的词语 ,稍有疏忽 ,则会谬之千里为了避免误译 ,首先要仔细地区别 ,弄清原句的意思 ,然后选相应的词语表达出来v例如:增加 1 倍或翻了一番用 double ,增加 2 倍用treble,增加 N 倍(3 倍以上) 用 increase N + 1times或increase to N +1 times.202 试分析“10 %的盐酸”与“10 %的受实验者”v这一对中文词语从表面看似一样 ,都是“10 %的…”,但实则完全不同。
前者“10 %”是指盐酸的浓度 ,所以英译为“10 % hydrochloric acid”而后者的“10 %”是说明受实验者中的一部分 ,英译为“10 % of the subjects”所以百分比英译时 ,一定要注意是否用“of”203 v4 修辞、炼句v一篇成功的英文摘要应体现短、精、全的特点 ,切忌拖沓冗长论文摘要英译时 ,应在忠实原文的前提下 ,进行修辞炼句 ,去掉可有可无的语句 ,使行文简洁流畅 ,避免中文式的英文摘要中的重要信息前置 ,附加的说明成分后移 ,前者用单句表示 ,后者用分词或独立主格的形式表示 ,这样更能体现文章主题 ,且逻辑性强 ,简洁明快204 Failure in pragmatic use词汇方面的语用失误v学生选用词汇(语用失误) 科技英语中的词和词汇vsend transmit ; beamvuse up consumevbegin commenceva lot of sufficientvbefore prior tovfinish; end terminatevabandon; give up waivevresponsible liablevas long as provided thatvbetter superior205 v 从中可以看出学生没有能区别一般英语词汇和科技英语词汇用法的特点。
科技英语词汇的主要特点是:词汇多源于希腊语和拉丁语、词义专一、专业词汇出现频率低、前后缀出现频率高、广泛使用缩写词 ……206 常见不符合科技英语的句子(学生所用)vTherefore we pressurize it to increase its density frequently.v It is therefore frequently pressurized to increase its density.vWe have found several methods to the problem of the interactivity. v Several approaches to the problem of the interactivity havevbeen found.vIf the contractor finish the contract under the provisions of sub-clause 55.3 , he shall. . . 55.3 , vIf the contract is terminated under the provision of sub-clausev the contractor shall . . .207 摘要具体翻译技巧v1 如何选词 .v正确选词是保证译文质量的重要前提。
选词应注意以下几个方面: v1.1 根据上下文正确理解原文的词义v 词的正确选择首先取决于对原文词义的确切理解 ,而对原文词义的确切理解又取决于对原文上下文的推敲 ,英译汉如此 ,汉译英也如此208 摘要英译时常犯错误va.不会使用被动句vb.不会使用长句vc.不会使用形容词短语作后置定语vd. 时态混淆ve.主谓不一致vf. 选词不合科技文体209 其它注意事项v1 注意倍数的正确表达, 增加1 倍或翻了一番用 double, 增加 2 倍用 treble, 增加了N 倍(3 倍以上) 用 increase N + 1 times 或 increase to N+ 1 timesv2 县以下的地名无需提及; 像“三 0”工程等地方政府性语言应删除v3 尽量避免用参考文献, 少用公式和图表v4 单词拼写要统一, 或用英国形式拼写或用美国形式拼写, 不能混用如colour(英)color(美)v5 单位要用国际标准单位, 如亩(mu)应换算2成公顷(ha)或平方米(m )v6 物理单位书写时应尽量简洁, 如 at 25℃不用at a temperature of 25℃210 Group WorkTranslation Practice in Class 211 v例 1 本文提出了一种新的计算机辅助设计方法。
vA new computer-aided design method is presented (in this paper).v说到“提出”,我们往往首先想到 put forward, raise ,advance 或 make 等词 ,如“提出建议”,英语为 put forward a proposal但本例中v的“提出”指“叙述”、“讨论”或“介绍”,故用present当然 , 本例也可说成 This paper presents. . . method ,只不过英文摘要中人们更倾向于用被动语态212 v例 2 本文建立了柔轮原始曲线的数学模型vThe expressions of the original curve of thevflexspline are derived in this paper.v原文中的“建立”并非指“建立”某个机构(如学校、公司等) ,而是指“推导出”,即“推导出……数学模型”,故选用 derive(推导)比 establish(建立)更为贴切数学模型”不同于“飞机模型”、“汽车模型”等 ,其本身是以函数关系式表达的 ,实质含义即“表达式”,因此“数学模,型”译成expressions比译mathematical model更符合原文的本义。
213 v1.2 注意使用书面词语v科技英语除了大量使用各学科的专门术语外 ,还喜欢用一些日常语言中不怎么使用的书面词汇(有人称之为 big words) ,以体现科技英语正式、庄重的语体特征例如 ,科技英语多用many,少用a lot of 或 lots of ;多用obtain ,少用get ;多用finally ,少用at last 或in the end;多用正式动词(perform ,invent 等) ,少用短语动词(如carry out ,make up 等) ;214 v例 3 本文主要研究平面机构的可动性vThis paper principally studies the movability of plane components.v“主要(地)”最常见的对应词是 mainly ,这里用 mainly当然也可以 ,但用 principally 更能体现科技英语正式、庄重的语体特征215 1.3 注意使用名词来表示动作v这类名词通常为表示动作的名词 ,如 analysis, comparison ,study ,introduction 等 ,常见的结构为“make (give 等) +名词(analysis等) +介词”,意义上相当于相应的动词 ,如 make a study of 相当于 study ,make an analysis of 相当于analyse, give an introduction to 相当于 introduce 等等。
v例 4 本文研究了电容对频率响应的影响vA study of the effect of capacitance on frequency response is made. (比较:The effect of capacitance on frequency response is studied.)216 v1.4 注意词的搭配v由于语言习惯的差异 ,汉英两种语言在词v的搭配方面不尽相同 ,如“开机器”,英语为vstart a machine“开车”; ,英语为 drive a car汉译英时应注意其不同之处 ,切勿生搬硬套关于这个问题 ,请看关于词语搭配的论述217 v2 如何搭配v汉英两种语言在长期使用的过程中形成了各自的固定词组和搭配用法这些比较固定的表达 ,有时可以逐词译出 ,有时则不行 ,勉强译出 ,不是词不达意 ,就是不符合英语的习惯因此 ,翻译时尤其要注意两者的不同请看下面几种情况v2.1 定语和中心词的搭配v例 5 硬水 hard waterv例 6 硬钢 high steelv汉语中同一个“硬”字 ,由于中心词不同 ,英译文要使用不同的词:hard与 water 搭配 ,high 则与 steel 搭配。
218 v例 7 本文认为 ,这一定义具有重要意义v原译: The author holds that this definitionvhas important meaning.v汉语可以说“重要意义”,但英语通常不说important meaning英语的习惯说法是 great(或important)significance(注意 meaning 指“意思”、“含义”,而 significance 则指“意义”、“重要性”) v改译: This definition is of great significance.219 2. 2 主语和谓语的搭配v例 8 本文所讲的内容对通讯工程师来说是很感兴趣的v原译: The content that this paper talks about is of great interest to communications engineers.v 汉语的“本文”可以与“讲”搭配使用 ,但直译成英语 this paper talks about 则不符合英语习惯 ,属于汉语式英语 ,即 Chinglish英语中talk about 的主语通常为人 ,而不是物。
本例中“讲”的实际含义为“叙述”、“描述”或“讨论”,因此应该用 describe ,discuss或present 等此外 ,content 一词虽然可以表示汉语“内容”的含义 ,但如果谓语动词为 describe ,discuss 或 present等时 ,英美人更倾向于使用 what 一词这种用法值得我们注意v改译:What this paper describes is of great interest to communications engineers.220 v2.3 谓语和宾语的搭配v例 9 本文对提高打印速度的印字质量提供了一种机辅设计手段v原译: This paper presents a CAD method for increasing the printing speed and the printing quality.v汉语既可说“提高速度”,也可说“提高质量”;但英语increase 只能与 speed 搭配 ,而不能与quality搭配“提高质量”英语要说, improve qualityv改译: This paper presents a CAD method for increasing the printing speed and improving the printing quality.221 v2.4 状语和谓语的搭配v例 10 本文强调指出了光强随圆柱直径变化的正弦规律。
v原译: The sine law of the variation of the light intensity with the cylinder diameter has been pointed out emphatically.v汉语的“强调指出”译成英语的 point out emphatically,从字面上看 ,似乎完全对等 ,但用法上存在差异英语的 point out emphatically常用在普通英语和政治文章中 ,在科技文章中一般用动词emphasize ,而且即使在普通英语和政治文章中 ,英语也倾向于用emphasizev改译: The sine law of the variation of the light intensity with the cylinder diameter has been emphasized.222 v3 哪些词可以不译(范畴词不译)v汉语里有些名词 ,如“工作”、“问题”、“条件”、“状况”、“情况”等 ,有时有具体含义 ,有时没有具体含义 ,或具体含义不多如“我提个问题”中的“问题”一词 ,有具体含义 ,汉译英时必须译出 ,译成 May I ask a question;而“人民内部的矛盾问题”中的“问题”一词 ,则无具体含义 ,不必译出 ,只需译成 Contradictions among the people。
这种无具体含义的词 ,人们称之为 “范畴词”(category words) 我们在写英文摘要时 ,或者将论文的汉语摘要译成英文时 ,这类范畴词通常不需要写出或译出例如:223 v例 11 论公关工作在全面质量管理中的作用vFunction of Public Relation in Total QualityvControl. (比较“工作服”译成: clothes)“公关工作”等于“公关”(公共关系) ,故“工作”不必译出 ,只译成public relation即可v例 12 关于建筑产品质量问题的法律思考vA Consideration from the Angle of Law onvthe Quality of Building Products. (比较:“关键v的问题”译成 a key problem)本例中“产品质量问题”即“产品质量”,故问题”一词无需译出224 v例 13 论劳动力市场需求约束条件下的经济模式vThe Economic Model Restrained by Market Demands of Labour Force.v“……需求约束条件下的 ……模式”等于v“……需求约束下的 ……模式”,故“条件”一词未译。
比较:“自然条件”译成 natural conditions)225 v总之 ,遇到“工作”、“问题”等词时 ,是否需要译出 ,关键是看这些词是否具有实际含义 ,或者说是否属于范畴词我们应该根据上下文仔细推敲 ,以使译文尽可能准确地表达原文含义226 v4 如何断句和并句v汉译英时 ,一个汉语句子通常译为一个英语句子但是 ,由于两种语言习惯的差异 ,有时一个汉语句子需要译成两个或更多的英语句子 ,这种情况称为断句 ,又称分译;或者反过来两个或更多的汉语句子需要译成一个英语句子 ,这种译法称为并句 ,又称合译下面我们分别讨论227 v4.1 断句v常见的断句方法有三种:第一种方法是在接近句首的地方断句 ,第二种方法是在接近句末的地方断句 ,第三种方法是在中间断句v4.1.1 在接近句首的地方断句v这种断句方法通常用于“总提 ———详述”的句型中 ,即开头部分先用几个字概括地提一下 ,然后再详细地加以说明概述部分通常断开译成一句例如:228 v例18 本文介绍了在 IBM —PC机上开发的一种功能卡 ,将它直接插入主机的 I/O 扩展槽就可在 CRT上直接显示出转速、扭矩的瞬时值及转动方向。
vIn this paper a functional car is presented for IBM-PC. If the car is plugged in the I/O extension slot of the mainframe or extension bus of PC, the instantaneous value of torque ,turn speed and turn direction can be viewed directly on CRT.v本例原文中句首的“本文 ……功能卡”属于“总提”,译文译成一句;其余部分为“详述”,译文另外译成一句229 v4.1.2 在接近句末的地方断句v这种断句方法多用于“详述 ———总结”的句v型中 ,即先详细地把事情说清楚 ,然后再简单地加以概括 ,也可能是一种评论或得出的结论 ,总结部分常常断句例如:230 v例19 本工艺具有造型速度快、生产效率高、工艺性能优良等优点 ,引起世界铸造工作者的关注vThis technology has the advantages of great moulding speed ,high production efficiency and fine technological performances. Therefore ,it has been taken notice of by foundry businesses allover the world.v原文“本工艺 ……优点”为“详述”“引起, ……关注”为“总结”,故译文在两者之间断句。
231 v4.1.3 在中间断句v在中间断句的句子 ,大都是前半句叙述一方面的情况 ,后半句说明另一方面的情况这样断句 ,译文更清晰、明快例如:v例 20 本文扼要地叙述了用来制造单块电路的各种工艺及其优缺点vThe various processes which may be used in fabricating a monolithic circuit are briefly reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of each process are enumerated.v本例汉语虽然只有一句话 ,但包含两层意思 ,一是“用来制造单块电路的各种工艺”,二是“这些工艺的优缺点”,英文分开译出 ,意思更加明确232 v以上的例子都是一句译成两句当句子的v层次比较多时 ,一个句子还可以根据意思的层次的多少译成三句、四句乃至更多的句子这时 ,句首、句末和中间都可能断句例如233 v例21 本文对去污工艺的化学、物理过程进行了理论分析 ,认为氧化去污机理是 6 种化学反应的联合进行 ,还提出了去污剂选择的理论依据vThe author of this paper has analyzed theoretically the chemical and physical process of decontamination. The author holds that mechanism of decontamination consists in combination of six chemical reactors. The scientific basis for selecting decontaminants are proposed as well in this paper.v本例原文有三层含义:“对 ……过程进行……分析”、“认为 ……进行”和“提出 ……依据”,故译文译成三句。
234 v4.2 并句v并句通常是由于两个句子的内容联系非常紧密 ,而且两个句子都不长这种联系包括因果关系、条件与结果的关系、及后句修饰前句中的某个成分等等例如:v例22 本文比较了 STM 和 ATM结果表明ATM 是BISDN 的基础vA comparison between STM and ATM shows that ATM will be the basis of BISDN.v在上例原文中的两个句子含有因果关系 ,故译文译成一个句子235 v例 23 本文提出了解决这一问题的新方v法这种方法简单而又切实可行vA new method for solving this problem isvresented ,which is simple and practicable.v本例汉语原句中“方法”是两句内容所共有v的 ,即后句修饰前句中的“方法”,所以可以用定语从句来合并两个句子236 。