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画法几何课件:第十一讲 平面立体

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第十一讲第十一讲 平面立体平面立体Lesson 11 Polyhedra (Plane Solid)平面立体:全部由平平面立体:全部由平面多边形围成的立体面多边形围成的立体Polyhedra: Solids bounded by plane surfaces . The surfaces are called faces. 11.1 空间形体的分类空间形体的分类 Classification of Solids 空间形体空间形体Solids基本几何体基本几何体Basic Solid 组合体组合体Complex平面体平面体Plane solid 回转体回转体Revolved solid 堆垒型堆垒型 Piled-like切割型切割型 Cut-like相贯型相贯型 Penetrated-like复合型复合型 Complex 常见的基本几何体常见的基本几何体Most widely used Basic Solids平面基本体平面基本体Plane Basic Solids曲面基本体曲面基本体Surface Basic Solids棱柱棱柱 Prism 棱锥棱锥 Pyramid 圆柱圆柱 Cylinder圆锥圆锥 Cone圆球圆球 Sphere圆环圆环 Torus其他回转体其他回转体 Revolved body VWH11.2 11.2 体的投影体的投影 —— 视图视图Projections of SolidProjections of Solid—ViewsViews一、体的投影一、体的投影 Projections of Solid体的投影,实质上是构成该体的所有表面的投影总和。

体的投影,实质上是构成该体的所有表面的投影总和 Projections of solid are Combination of the projections of all the surfaces by which that solid is constructed. 二、三面投影与三视图二、三面投影与三视图 Three projections and Three views1.1.视图的概念视图的概念 Views主视图主视图 —— 体的正面投影体的正面投影Front view( Main view)-Frontal projection俯视图俯视图 —— 体的水平投影体的水平投影Top view-Horizontal projection左视图左视图 —— 体的侧面投影体的侧面投影Left view-Profile projection2.2.三视图之间的度量对应关系三视图之间的度量对应关系 Corresponding relations of three views三等关系三等关系Tri-equality主视俯视长相等且对正主视俯视长相等且对正Front and Top views are equal in length主视左视高相等且平齐主视左视高相等且平齐Front and Left views are equal in height俯视左视宽相等且对应俯视左视宽相等且对应Top and Left views are equal in width长长高高宽宽宽宽长对正长对正宽相等宽相等高平齐高平齐 3.3.三视图之间的方位对应关系三视图之间的方位对应关系Corresponding orientations of three views·主视图反映:上、下主视图反映:上、下 、左、右、左、右Front view covers: Top, Bottom, Left and Right·俯视图反映:前、后俯视图反映:前、后 、左、右、左、右·Top view covers: Front, Back, Left and Right·左视图反映:上、下左视图反映:上、下 、前、后、前、后·Lrft view covers: Top, Bottom, Front and Bottom上上Top下下Bottom左左Left右右Right后后Back前前Front上上Top下下Bottom前前Front后后Back左左Left右右Right 11.3 平面基本体平面基本体Plane Basic Solid1.棱柱棱柱Prism⑵⑵ 棱柱的三视图棱柱的三视图⑴⑴ 棱柱的组成棱柱的组成Construct of Prism 由由两个底面和几个侧棱面两个底面和几个侧棱面组成。

侧棱面与组成侧棱面与侧棱面的交线叫侧棱线,侧棱面的交线叫侧棱线,侧棱线相互平行侧棱线相互平行 A prism has tow bases which are parallel equal polygons , and three or more lateral faces, which are parallelograms. 在图示位置时,六棱柱的两底面为水平在图示位置时,六棱柱的两底面为水平面,在俯视图中反映实形前后两侧棱面面,在俯视图中反映实形前后两侧棱面是正平面,其余四个侧棱面是铅垂面,它是正平面,其余四个侧棱面是铅垂面,它们的水平投影都积聚成直线,与六边形的们的水平投影都积聚成直线,与六边形的边重合Prism be located as right figure. Both of its bases are horizontal planes and show their true shapes in the Top view. Both the front and back side are frontal planes and all the other four sides are H-perpendicular planes which concentrate to lines in the Top view. 点的可见性规定:点的可见性规定:Regulation about the visibility of point 若点所在的平面的投影可见,点的投影也可见;若平若点所在的平面的投影可见,点的投影也可见;若平面的投影积聚成直线,点的投影也可见。

面的投影积聚成直线,点的投影也可见 Point is visible if the plane that contains the point is visible; Point is regarded as visible if the plane containing the point is concentrated to line. 由于棱柱的表面都是平面,由于棱柱的表面都是平面,所以在棱柱的表面上取点与在所以在棱柱的表面上取点与在平面上取点的方法相同平面上取点的方法相同 All the faces of the prism are planes on which locating points can be the same way as locating points on plane.⑶⑶ 棱柱面上取点棱柱面上取点Locate points on the faces of prism  a  a  a   (b ) b  b  s s   s s  2.2.棱锥棱锥PyramidPyramid⑵ ⑵ 棱锥的三视图棱锥的三视图Three views of the pyramid a a  c c a ab bc c a a ( (c c ) )b b s s ⑴ ⑴ 棱锥的组成棱锥的组成 Construct of Pyramid 由由一个底面和几个侧棱面一个底面和几个侧棱面组成。

组成侧棱线交于一点侧棱线交于一点————锥锥顶顶 A pyramid has a polygon for a base and triangular lateral faces intersecting at a common point called the Vertex 三棱锥处于图示位置时,其底三棱锥处于图示位置时,其底面面ABCABC是水平面,在俯视图上反映是水平面,在俯视图上反映实形侧棱面实形侧棱面SACSAC为侧垂面,另两为侧垂面,另两个侧棱面为一般位置平面个侧棱面为一般位置平面Triangular Pyramid be located as right figure. Its bottom is horizontal plane and shows true shape in the Top view. Side SAC is W-perpendicular plane and the other two sides are oblique planes. ⑶ ⑶ 在棱锥面上取点在棱锥面上取点 Locate points on the faces of the pyramid a a  c c 同样采用平面上取点法。

同样采用平面上取点法 The same method as the locating points on the plane( )( ) s s   s s    k k  k k  k k  b b  a a  c c a ab bc c a a ( (c c ) )b b s s  n n  n n   n n  棱柱棱柱 Prism棱锥棱锥Pyramid 棱台棱台Frustum( Truncated Pyramid )平面基本体平面基本体 Plane Basic Solids正棱柱正棱柱 Right prism斜棱柱斜棱柱 Oblique prism正棱锥正棱锥 Right pyramid斜棱锥斜棱锥 Oblique pyramid正四棱锥正四棱锥Right square pyramid 消隐后效果 After hiding the invisible edges 11.4 平面与平面立体相交(切割型平面立体)平面与平面立体相交(切割型平面立体)Intersection of a plane and a polyhedra (Cut-like polydedra)截切:截切: 用一个平面与立体相交,截去立体的一部分。

用一个平面与立体相交,截去立体的一部分Cutting : Cut down part of a object with a plane·截平面截平面 Cutting plane — 用以截切物体的平面用以截切物体的平面 Plane used to cut the object·截交线截交线Line of section — 截平面与物体表面的交线截平面与物体表面的交线Intersection line of cutting plane and the surfaces of object.·截断面截断面Section — 因截平面的截切,在物体上形成的平面因截平面的截切,在物体上形成的平面 The face produced by the cutting 讨论的问题:截交线的分析和作图讨论的问题:截交线的分析和作图 Problems to be solved: lines of section 一、平面立体截切的基本形式一、平面立体截切的基本形式The usual ways by which the polyhedra be cut·截交线是一个由直线组成的截交线是一个由直线组成的封闭的平面多边形封闭的平面多边形,其形状取决于平面体的形状及,其形状取决于平面体的形状及截平面对平面体的截切位置。

截平面对平面体的截切位置 Section is a closed , planar polygon bounded by lines. The shape of section is determined by the shape of the object and the position of the cutting plane.截交线的每条边是截交线的每条边是截平面与棱面的交线截平面与棱面的交线 • 多边形的边数多边形的边数 = 切到立体的面数切到立体的面数• 多边形的顶点数多边形的顶点数 = 切到立体的棱数切到立体的棱数The edges of section are the intersection of the cutting plane and faces of the object.求求截交线的实质是求两平面的交线截交线的实质是求两平面的交线Determining the section means finding the intersection of two planes截交线的性质截交线的性质Characteristics of the section :: 二、平面截切体的画图二、平面截切体的画图 Drawing of the cut-like polyhedra(⒈) (⒈) 求截交线的两种方法求截交线的两种方法Two ways::★ ★ 求各棱线与截平面的交点求各棱线与截平面的交点→→棱线法棱线法。

Find the intersection points of the edges and the cutting plane->edge method★ ★ 求各棱面与截平面的交线求各棱面与截平面的交线→→棱面法棱面法Find the intersection line of the faces and the cutting plane->face method关键是正确地画出截交线的投影关键是正确地画出截交线的投影The key is the section. (⒉) (⒉) 求截交线的步骤求截交线的步骤Steps::☆☆ 截平面与体的相对位置截平面与体的相对位置The position of the cutting plane toward the object☆☆ 截平面与投影面的相对位置截平面与投影面的相对位置The position of the cutting plane toward the projection plane确定截交线确定截交线的投影特性的投影特性Determine the projection of section确定截交确定截交线的形状线的形状Determine the shape of the section★★ 空间及投影分析空间及投影分析Analysis of the spatial object and projections★ ★ 画出截交线的投影画出截交线的投影 Drawing 分别求出截平面与棱面的交线,分别求出截平面与棱面的交线,并连接成多边形。

并连接成多边形 Find the intersection lines of cutting plane and faces one by one and connect them to a polygon. 例例1 1:求四棱锥被截切后的俯视图和左视图求四棱锥被截切后的俯视图和左视图Complete the top view and left view of the truncated square pyramid. 3 3 2 2 1 1 (4(4 ) )1 1 ●●2 2 ●●4 4 ●●3 3 ●●1 1●●2 2●●4 4●●★ ★ 空间分析空间分析Spatial analysis交线的形状?交线的形状?Shape of the section?3 3●●★ ★ 投影分析投影分析Projection analysis★ ★ 求截交线求截交线 Find the lines of section★ ★ 分析棱线的投影分析棱线的投影 Edges★ ★ 检查检查Check 尤其注意检查截尤其注意检查截平面投影的亲似性平面投影的亲似性 Notice the similarity of the projections of section 例例1 1:求四棱锥被截切后的俯视图和左视图。

求四棱锥被截切后的俯视图和左视图我们采用的是哪我们采用的是哪种解题方法?种解题方法?Which method?棱线法棱线法Edge method 例例2 2:求四棱锥被截切后的俯视图和左视图求四棱锥被截切后的俯视图和左视图Complete the top view and left view of the cut square pyramid.1 12 21 1 (2(2 ) )ⅠⅠ、、ⅡⅡ两点分别同两点分别同时位于三个面上时位于三个面上Both point I and II are common point of three planes.三面共点三面共点common point of three planes::2 2 ●1 1 ● 注意注意Notice:: 要逐个截平面分析和绘制截要逐个截平面分析和绘制截交线当平面体只有局部被截切交线当平面体只有局部被截切时,先假想为整体被截切,求出时,先假想为整体被截切,求出截交线后再取局部截交线后再取局部 Draw the sections one by one. When only part of the object is cut, imagine the perfect cutting and get the full section firstly then take the actual part 例例2 2:求四棱锥被截切后的俯视图和左视图。

求四棱锥被截切后的俯视图和左视图Complete the top view and left view of the cut square pyramid. 利用平面的投影特性作图:利用平面的投影特性作图:• 确定俯视图的基线确定俯视图的基线• 划定俯视图的图形范围划定俯视图的图形范围• 先求作倾斜平面先求作倾斜平面P P的投影的投影p 1´2´3´4´5´6´1 , 2 3 , 4 5 , 6 p´123456p例例3 3.具有倾斜平面的立体.具有倾斜平面的立体 Solid with inclined faceSolid with inclined face• 依投影特性,逐面完成各面依投影特性,逐面完成各面• 检查,判断可见性检查,判断可见性• 清理图面清理图面 例例 4: 求八棱柱被平面求八棱柱被平面P截切后的俯视图截切后的俯视图Complete the top view of the eight-square prism cut by plane P.P P 截交线的形状?截交线的形状?ⅠⅠⅡⅡⅢⅢⅣⅣⅤⅤⅥⅥⅦⅦⅧⅧ1 1 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 8 8 7 7 6 6 2 2 ≡≡3 3 ≡≡6 6 ≡≡7 7 1 1 ≡≡8 8 4 4 ≡≡5 5 1 15 54 47 76 63 32 28 8 例例 3: 求八棱柱被平面求八棱柱被平面P截切后的俯视图。

截切后的俯视图Complete the top view of the eight-square prism cut by plane P. 例例 5:求作导向块的三视图:求作导向块的三视图 侧视图(右)侧视图(右)Right Side主视图主视图Front俯视图俯视图 Top第一角投影第一角投影First-Angle Projection水平投影面水平投影面 Horizontal Plane正投影面正投影面 Front Plane侧投影面侧投影面Right Side Plane附录:第三角投影简介附录:第三角投影简介Third-Angle Projection 俯视图俯视图主视图主视图侧视图(右)侧视图(右)展开折线展开折线水平投影面正投影面侧投影面第三角投影 Third-Angle projection 第三分角的三视图第三分角的三视图 Three Primary Views 主主俯俯右右 第一和第三分角投影第一和第三分角投影The first-angle and third-angle projection 正面观察正面观察-主视图主视图Front view顶面观察顶面观察-俯视图俯视图Top view右面右面观察观察-右视图右视图Right side view 第三角第三角美国,部分英、日图纸 US,some of Britain and Japan中国,大部分欧亚国家China,most Europe and Asia第一角第一角第一和第三分角投影转换Third- and First-Angle Projection 画出左视图和右视图画出左视图和右视图Sketch out the left view and right view第一分角还是第三分角投影?第一分角还是第三分角投影?First-angle or Third-angle projections? 思考:思考: 完成主视图和右视图完成主视图和右视图Add the missing lines to complete the front view and right view 作业 Homework•P32-33•P34•P35-10,11,12 。

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