I. The headline(标题)nTwo types：n1、主标题(headline)，usu. Larger printing or sometimes colorful printing to attract the readers’ attentionn2. 次标题(sub-headline), usu. under the headline, to provide further information or to explain the headline2021/8/221 headlinenthe title of a newspaper story that is printed in large letters:The Sydney Morning Herald carried the headline: 'Sorry Ma'am, Most Australians Want a Republic'. nthe headlines1 the most important stories in the news:The fuel crisis continues to dominate the headlines.2 make/hit/grab the headlines---to become famous by being reported in the news2021/8/222 Features of the headlinenI. Omission(省略省略)n1.Function words (虚词)such as articles, prep, conj, auxiliary v. or pron are often omitted in the headline. “To be ” is also often omittednEg. 1). Italian Ex-mayor Murderedn = (An ) Italian Ex-mayor (Is)Murderedn2) Married Women (Are)to Get Care Allowancen3). Rail Chaos Getting Worsen =(The) Rail Chaos (Is) Getting Worsen4) Journalist fired in spy debate=(A Journalist is fired in spy debate)n5) Irish group kills ex-chiefn= (An) Irish group kills (its) ex—chief2021/8/223 2. “And” is often replaced by “,” Eg. 1). Thailand , Malaysia Ink Sea Treaty=Thailand (and)Malaysia Ink (a)Sea Treaty2)Woman Kills Husband , Herself=(A) Woman Kills (Her)Husband (and)Herself3. Link verb “be ”or some other verbs like “say, show/reveal, etc.”are replaced by “:” or “——” Eg. 1) Chinese acrobats：masters of stunts (=The Chinese acrobats are masters of stunts)2) Mao : We Should Support Third World Countries= Mao (Says) (That) We Should Support (the )Third World Countries2021/8/224 (3) Little anti-US feeling—diplomat=(A diplomat says there is little anti-US feeling)(4) Economy Grows Slowly as Unemployment, Inflation Rise—Economists＝(Economists Say that Economy Grows Slowly as Unemployment and Inflation Rise)2021/8/225 II. Simplification of the tense （动词时态简化）1. “Present tense”（一般现在时） is used very often1). Things which happened in the past (过去发生的事情) eg. 13 die as crowded Van Crosses M42) Things which are happening. Eg. Schools Ask Parents for Money toward Books3) Things which are going to happenEg. Swedish Oil Deliveries Halt as Strike Spreads 4) Things which have happenedEg. EU Plans to Boost France’s Recovery2021/8/226 n2. “to do ”（动词不定式）is used to stand for “future tens”（将来时态）Eg.1) Peking to Fire Test Rocket to South Pacific2) At Least 4 to Leave Cabinet as Clinton Begins New Transition2021/8/227 III. Acronyms(首字母缩略词) / abbreviations (缩写词 ) 1. Initial names/acronyms of proper names (organizations / agencies/disease) and common names (professions/ranks) are often used in headlines.Eg. 1). EU’s Future : The Vision and the Slog EU= European Union2) IMF to recruit new members(IMF=International Monetary Fund)3）RAF's New Jet Makes Debut(RAF=Royal Air Force)CIA= Central Intelligence AgencyGOP=grand old party/Republican NATO=north Atlantic Treaty Organization APEC,OPEC, WHO, IOC, MIT, FBI, NASA etc.2021/8/228 nABM=anti-ballistic missile 反弹道导弹nICBM=Intercontinental Ballistic MissilenSALT=strategic arms limitation talks限制战略武器会谈nWMD=weapons of mass distruction nEST=Eastern Standard TimenGMT=Greenwich Mean TimenPR,UFO,World Shocked as Top Soccer Star Gets AIDS(AIDS＝acquired immune deficiency syndrome) PC,fax sales expected to soar2021/8/229 n1 Aussie PM sacks ‘gentle’ treasurer(Aussie PM＝Australian Prime Minister)n2 Rally calls for more black MPs(MPs＝members of parliament) US Refuses ME talks date changenWASHINGTON-The US administration on Thursday turned down Arab request for setting a new starting time for the Middle East peace talks. ---The Guardian, Dec.6, 19912021/8/2210 2. Abbreviations are also often used in headlines to save space and make headlines 1). No Hope for 118 Crew of Russian SubSub =submarine2) University Entry Hard for Would-be VetsVet=veteran3) New Groups to Boost Hi-tech ResearchHi-tech =high technology4) 0verseas co-op to get boost (co-op--co-operations)5). EEC warns Nuke Arms Spread (Nuke＝Nuclear weapon)6) Reagan VS．Right wing on Ballistic Missile Defence (VS．＝Versus)2021/8/2211 IV. Midget words(小字)n---midget words or single-syllable words are often used in headlineEg.1) the Gems of War (gems =jewels宝石)2). TV Airs “Facts” on Arms DeliveryAir= to make known 3) Soviets Assail US on A-testsAssail = to criticize strongly4) Governor to Axe Aid? Axe= dismiss from a job, to cut ,take away5) Unions Back Peace MoveBack= support2021/8/2212 6) Bus Ban on Pupils after Attack on CrewBan= prohibition7) Club Faces Shutdown for Barring WomenBar=not to allow, exclude8) Man Claims Ghost sightingClaim= to declare to be true9) Bombs Claims 40Claim =to kill10) Peace Drive SucceedsDrive = campaign, efforts11) Women’s Groups Eye Court VoteEye = to watch with interest12) Fuel Strike Hits HospitalHit = to affect badly2021/8/2213 13) 7 held for Gambling Hold = to keep in police control, detain14) Thailand, Malaysia Ink Sea TreatyInk = to sign15) Post Office Profits Top $40 millionTop =to exceed16) Reagan weighs Tax IncreaseWeigh =to consider 2021/8/2214 简短小词n标题除偏爱使用短小动词外，还常常选用简短、字母数少的名词或名词词组。
如accord与agreement， aide与assistant，aim与purpose，rally与amass assembly，drive与campaign，talk与negotiation 等例如：nQUAKE DEATH TOLL MAY TOP 2000(＝THE DEATH TOLL IN THE EARTHQUAKE MAY EXCEED 2000)地震死亡人数估计已逾两干nNEW GROUPS BOOST HI—TECH RESEARCH(＝NEW GROUPS PROMOTE HIGH TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH)新兴集团推动高新技术研究nBAKER，JAPAN VISIT OFF，ARMS ISSUE HOT(＝BAKER's JAPAN VISIT IS OFF AND THE MILITARY WEAPONS ISSUE IS HOT)军备问题争论激烈贝克取消访日之行2021/8/2215 Classifications of the headline（标题分类）According to the form and the content :1. Summary(摘要式)/statement(陈述式)： the main points are summarized／stated in the headline, easy to understandEg. Taiwan Recognizes Mainland Currency2. Question(设问式):1) Sth is likely to happen in futureEg. Oil price to Rise? OPEC to Raise Oil Output?2) doubts about somethingEg. A Europe “With One Voice”?3. Quotation (引语式):Eg. “We Have to Save Our People”, “We Won’t Quit” 2021/8/2216 Lead(导语导语)----it is usu. located in the first paragraph or first few paragraphs, and summarizes the news/information usually including 5 Ws & 1 H (When, Where, Who, What, Why, How)Forms of lead(导语形式)：1). Summary lead(概括式)，一般放在开头，以一个完整的句子总结出新闻的诸要素。
这种导语主要用于重大新闻／硬新闻（hard news）,包括了5 Ws & 1 H 的信息句法上常常带有较长的分词短语／同位语／从句２). Narrative lead(叙述式)， 常用于特写文章（features）或时间性不强的一般新闻／软新闻(soft news)叙述性导语一般分为２－３段，合起来成为导语区（lead block）. 2021/8/2217 3) Comparative lead(对比／照式), 把两个人或两件事情进行对比／对照，用以强调现在的变化 Eg. When Buster Jones took over the little bar on Main Street in Wellston, his hair was the color sometimes referred to as “fire in the woodshed木棚”. Now there’s “snow on the rooftop, ”and next January Buster will celebrate his 40th year in business at the same little bar. He took a little time Wednesday to reflect on some of the changes in Buster’s Old Inn since Jan. 1,1946,when he went into business for himself2021/8/2218 4) Quotation lead(引语式)，引用新闻中主要人物的话，使人觉得好象他／她在直接与读者对话。
Eg. As Yogi Berth would say: “It ain’t over till it’s over .”But yesterday it was over---at least for now. (ain’t = won’t be)2021/8/2219 内容提要内容提要(News summary ) 和简明新闻和简明新闻（（news briefs））１、内容提要内容提要(News summary ) ：：通常放在头版（front page）扼要介绍当天最主要的新闻，有的以索引（index）列出各栏目所在页码２、简明新闻（简明新闻（news briefs））：一般把当天发生的非主要新闻集中在一起，只交代事情的时间、地点、人物、简单经过等，也有一个扼要的标题，让读者知道有关消息2021/8/2220 刚才的发言，如刚才的发言，如有不当之处请多指有不当之处请多指正谢谢大家！ 正谢谢大家！ 2021/8/2221 。