从属分句 状语从句包括时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、方式、比较从句 让步状语从句连接词：though、although 、as ; even if 、even though ; whether….or…..; no matter+ 疑问词， 疑问词+ever. （1） though, although 表示“虽然，纵然 ”之意although 比 though 正式，二者都 可与 yet, still 或 nevertheless 连用，但不能与 but 连用 值得注意的是， although 引导的让步状语从句位于主句之前的情况较多， though 引导的让 步状语从句可位于主句之前或主句之后 例句 Although/Though he is very old, (yet) he is quite strong.（2） even if, even though 表示“即使……”，“纵使……”之意even if 引导的让步 从句含有强烈的假定性，而 even though 引导让步状语从句时，是以从句的 内容为先决条件的，也就是说，说话人肯定了从句的事实 例句 Even if he is poor, she loves him. (=He may be poor, yet she loves him.)即使他 很穷，但她还是爱他。
Even though he is poor, she loves him. (=He is poor, yet she loves him.) 尽管他很 穷，但她还是爱她 （3） as, though 表示“虽然……但是”，“纵使……”之意as 引导的让步状语从句 必须 以部分倒装 的形式出现，被倒装的部分可以是 表语、状语或 冠词 动词原 形， 且表语中的冠词要省略 ，though 间或也用于这样的结构中，但 althoug h 不可以这样用 例如：Hard as/ though he works, he makes little progress. (=Though he works hard, he makes little progress.)尽管他学习很努力，但几乎没取 得什么进步Fool as jerry is, he could not have done such a thing. （4） whether...or... 表示“不论是否……”， “ 不管是……还是……”之意（5） “no matter+ 疑问词” 或“疑问词-ever”的含义为“…… 都……；不管……都……” ， 当 引导让步状语从句时，两者相同，可以互换，但当引导名词性从句（主语从句，宾 语从句，表语从句和同谓语从句）时则只能用 whatever（whoever，whichever，whenever，etc ） 。
例句 No matter who you are, you must keep the law.(=Whoever you are, you must keep the law. 不管你是谁，你都要遵纪守法I'll eat whatever (≠no matter what) you give me. (whatever 引导宾语从句) 你给我 吃什么，我就吃什么 下面句字不能用 no matter 结构:Whoever comes back firs is supposed to win the prize.( 主语从句)I am ready to do whatever you want me to .（宾语从句） （6） 有时 while 也可以引导让步状语从句，但一般要位于句首 这时 while 表达 并列的转折 ，即主语与从句的动作是在同一时候发生的 例如： While I like the colour, I don't like the shape.我虽然喜欢那颜色， 但 不喜 欢那形状 条件状语从句 引导词 if 、unless 、provided/providing(that) 、so/as long as、on condition that、suppose/supposing(that)、in the event that、whether or not 。
时间状语从句 （1） when 与 whilewhen 表示“当….的时候” ，表时间点或时间段的动作While 表示“当….的同时” ， 表持续的动作或状态，不表短暂While tom was reading , jack was writing.When he finished his speech , the audience burst into applause. (2) hardly/scarcely…..when 和 no sooner……than hardly/scarcely 和 no sooner 后面用完成时，而 when 和 than 后用过去时 （3）the minute/moment/day , the first/second/last time , each/every/next time 可引导时间性状 语从句 （4）since 表示 “自从”, 从句要用非延续性动词，主句要用完成时态Since he lived in Beijing , I have not heard from him.Till/until “直到” ，肯定句时，主句用延续性动词，否定句时，主句可使用非延续性 动词。
I will wait here until the concert is over.She can’t leave until Friday 结果状语从句 （1） so/such……that so+ 形容词，副词 / such+ 名词…..that 表示 如此…….以致…..，so+形容词+ a/an + 名词 在“much/many/few/little+名词”结构前，只能用 so 例句 So many people complained about the heavy traffice that the city government took measure at least.（2） with the result that 原因状语从句 连接词有 since , as , because , in that , on the ground that. 地点状语从句 连接词有 where , wherever , anywhere方式状语从句 有 as 引导的 例句 she did her work as her manager had instructed. 此外，还有 just as 和 much as 例句 they try to conceal this fact much as I did last year.关系从句（定语从句） 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which 等。
关系副词有：when, where, why 等 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别 A） 非限定需要用逗号隔开，限定是句子不可或缺的成分 B） 非限定从句中，引导词一般不用 that Which 和 that A） 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可省略 例句 It is the only thing （that）we can do for you. B) 先行词是不定代词时 all much few little some any none anything something nothing everything 只能用 that 引导 C）先行词是 anyone anybody everyone everybody someone somebody 时，关系代词多用 who 或 whom ，不用 that D）先行词被形容词是最高级 及 first last only every no 等修饰，关系代词用 that，不用 which /who/whom E）两个或两个以上的先行词兼指人和物是，关系代词用 that例如 A victim is a person ,animal and thing that suffers pain, death, harm, ect. As 1)as 与 such ， the same， as （so） ， 连用，引导限定性定语从句 Such people as wish to leave may do so now. 2）as 引导从句可放主句前，中，后：而 which 引导的只能放在后例句 more American troops are being sent to middle east , which(as)I have learnt from the newspaper.The telephone ,as we all know, was the innovation of bell As 后如果是被动语态，be 可省略；which 后则不可以 例句 football and baseball, as played in the united states today, are basically modifications of games that originated in English Where Where 引导的定语从句相当于 in/at+which 例句 the company has introduced a policy where pay rises are related to performance at work. Whose Whose 与名词搭配使用，引导定语从句是在句子坐主语或者宾语，whose 既可以指人也可 以指物(指物时可以用 of which 互换) 例句 The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied. 结构“介词+whom”或“which+ 不定式短语” She is a pleasant girl with whom to work = she is a pleasant girl to work with. 名词性从同位语从句 1)能接同位语从句的名词 answer, belief, certainty, concept, conclusion, decision, discovery, doubt, evidence, explanation, fact, idea, impression, information, knowledge, problem, promise, statement, suggestion, thought, probability, etc. 同位语多由 that 引导，疑问代词 who which What 和疑问副词 when where why how 也可以引导 2）在结构 on the assumption, on the condition that, despite the fact that, on the understanding that,也可以引导同位语从句 宾语从句 引导词 what, which, where, how, why, whether, whatever, whichever, whoever, 在 in, but, except, save, 少数几个介词后可以接 that，且已经成固定搭配例句 the paper is perfect except that there are some misspellings。