产科超声医师资格认证考试大纲Outline of curriculum（课程大纲)Important notes(重要提示)I. Physics of ultrasound (超声的物理学)II. Instrumentation (仪器)III. Artefacts (伪像)IV. Quality assurance of ultrasound instruments (超声仪器的质量保证)V. New ultrasound technologies (新的超声技术)VI. Bioeffects and safety (生物效应和安全性)VII. Ultrasound as a diagnostic and screening tool (超声作为诊断和筛查工具)VIII. Basic scanning techniques (基本的扫查技术)IX. Estimation of gestational age (孕龄的估计)X. Assessment of fetal growth (胎儿发育评价)XI. Assessment of fetal wellbeing by ultrasound (超声对胎儿健康状态的评估)XII. Fetal structural anomalies (胎儿结构异常)XIII. Multifetal gestations (多胎妊娠)XIV. Placenta (胎盘)XV. Liquor (羊水)XVI. Doppler ultrasound (多普勒超声)XVII. Cervical assessment and prediction of preterm labour (宫颈测量评估和早产的预测)XVIII. Early pregnancy complications (早期妊娠并发症)XIX. Ultrasound markers of chromosomal abnormalities (染色体异常的标记物)XX. Principles of further investigation, patient counselling and management of fetal anomalies(进一步研究、患者咨询和胎儿异常处理的原则)XXI. Organization and provision of services (组织与推行产前超声服务)XXII. Proper use and mis-use of ultrasound (超声的适用及误用)XXIII. Standards and recommendations (产前超声的标准和建议)Recommended references (推荐的参考材料)Important notes (重要提示) 1. The course outline here is for reference only. These represent the fundamental knowledge that anyone who will be or is doing obstetric ultrasound scanning should be expected to know. This is not an exhaustive list. In fact, you are encouraged to learn more than what are listed here. 这里的课程大纲仅供参考。
这些大纲是任何将要或正在从事产科超声筛查的医生所应该了解的这张表并不详尽实际上，我们期望您能学习比大纲更多的内容 2. Due to the rapid development in technologies and expansion of our knowledge, what were correct in the past might well be wrong today. Therefore, you are expected to update your knowledge continuously throughout your career. 由于科技的迅速发展以及我们知识的扩展，过去认为是正确的事情在今天可能是错误的所以，我们期望您能在职业生涯中不断更新您的知识 3. This course is designed to be at Level 2 (screening for fetal abnormalities). Therefore, focus will be on normality and common abnormalities. 课程水平设计为二级：胎儿畸形筛查。
所以，课程重点放在正常胎儿以及常见的畸形检查 4. Not every aspect in this curriculum will be covered by lectures in the theoretical course. Participants are required to acquire that knowledge by self reading. 讲座并没有覆盖理论课程的各个方面，学员需要自学去掌握讲座中未涉及的知识 5. The suggested references at the end of this outline are NOT meant to be gold standards. They are only books or materials that are found to be useful for those who are learning or practicing obstetric ultrasound scanning. It does not mean that we agree with every sentence written in the references. In fact, it is not unusual that authors of different books may have different opinions on specific issues. You should make your own judgment based on your balance of scientific evidence. 大纲最后建议的参考书并不意味着就是金标准。
这些只是对正在学习或进行产科超声筛查的人有用的书或材料同样，这也并不意味着我们同意参考材料的每一句话实际上，不同书的作者对具体问题持有不同的观点是正常的您应该根据您所掌握的科学证据自己做出判断） 6. Obstetric ultrasound scanning is NOT just a technical skill, but a branch of medicine in which ultrasound is used as a tool to assist in patient management, including screening, diagnosis, treatment and counselling. Therefore, the curriculum will focus NOT ONLY on ultrasound skills, but the scientific basis of the technology and how this technology could be used to help our patients. 妇产科超声筛查不只是一项技巧，而且作为医学的一个分支，超声被用于辅助患者管理，包括筛查、诊断、治疗和咨询。
因此，此课程不仅强调超声技术，而且强调技术的科学基础以及如何应用此技术去帮助我们的病人 7. This course is aiming at producing doctors who are able to think and judge so that they will be able to decide when and how to use the ultrasound technology in our obstetric patients 7.此课程目的在于培养医生的思考和判断能力，使他们能够决定何时及如何对产科病人使用超声技术 I. Physics of ultrasound（超声的物理学） A. The proper use of medical ultrasound, proper interpretation of ultrasound images and avoidance of misinterpretation due to artefacts requires a good understanding of physics of ultrasound. One should understand the clinical effects of these physical properties, e.g. the effect of attenuation on the limit of imaging depth.（医学超声的适当应用，超声图像的合理解释，以及避免因伪像造成的误解，需要对超声物理学有深入的了解。
我们应该了解这些物理特性对临床的影响，如声衰减对成像深度的限制 B. Sound（声波） 1. Definition of sound（声波的定义） 2. Audible sound vs ultrasound（可听声波vs超声波） 3. Nature of sound（声波的性质） 4. Propagation of vibration（声波振动的传播） a. Compression（压缩） b. Rarefaction（稀疏） 5. Definition of（定义） a. Propagation speed and velocity（传播速度） b. Frequency（频率） c. Wavelength（波长） d. Period（周期） e. Amplitude（幅度） f. Energy（声能） g. Power（声力） h. Intensity（强度） i. Acoustic impedance（声阻抗） j. Intensity Reflection Co-efficient (IRC)（强度反射系数） k. Refraction（反射） l. Critical angle（临界角） m. Attenuation（衰减） n. Shadowing（声影） o. Enhancement（增强） 6. Decibels: definition and relationship to intensity and amplitude（分贝：定义及与强度和幅度的关系） 7. Relationship between（两者关系） a. Period and frequency（周期和频率） b. Wavelength and frequency（波长和频率） c. Intensity, power and cross-sectional area of the ultrasound beam（强度、功率和超声束的横截面积） 8. Speed of sound in different materials / tissues（不同材料和组织中的声波速度） C. Pulsed ul。