2022年12月英语四六级语法：定语从句一、定语从句的概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句 例如： 1) The man who lives next to us is a fool. 2) You must buy me the house which is near Xiangshan. 上面两句中的the man和the house是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面 二、关系词（连接词） 1、关系代词引导的定语从句 引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词：that, which, who (宾格whom, 全部格whose) 和关系副词where, when, why关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时还做定语从句的一个成分 .table{border-left:1px #CCCCCC solid;border-top:1px #CCCCCC solid} .table td{border-right:1px #CCCCCC solid; border-bottom:1px #CCCCCC solid;text-align:left;} 关系代词 例句 that 指物 1. A plane is a machine that can fly. 2. The noodle that I cooked was delicious. 指人 1. Who is the man that is reading the book over there? 2. The girl that we met yesterday is Jim’s sister. which 指物 1. The silk which is produced in Hangzhou sells well. 2. The songs which Liu Dehua sings are very popular. who/ whom 指人 1. The foreigner who visited our class is from Canada. 2. The person whom you just visited is Mr. Li. whose 指人或物的全部格 1. I like the girl whose hair is long. 2. There stands my house whose windows face south. (从表中可以看出：用that更有通用性) 2．关于that, which的用法留意点 1）只能用that，不用which作为定语从句关系代词的状况 a）不定代词，如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词 There is nothing that I can do. I mean the one that was bought yesterday. b）先行词有the only, the very, the same, the last修饰 This is the very book that I want to find. The last place that I visited was the hospital. c）先行词为序数词、数词、形容词级时 This is the first composition that he has written in English. d）先行词既有人，又有物时 He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. 2）不用that, 只用which的状况 a）引导非限定性定语从句时which The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b）介词后用which We depend on the land from which we get our food. 3．关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）先行词是表示地点名词时（country, school, room…），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当地点状语，一般用where引导定语从句也可以用介词+which的构造值得留意的是which前的介词选择是依据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定 Beijing is the place in which (=where) I was born. He wants to find the place in which (=where) he lived forty years ago. 2）先行词是表示时间名词时（year, month, day, night…），而关系词代替先行词在定语 从句中充当时间状语，一般用when引导定语从句也可以用介词+which的构造值得留意的是when前的介词选择是依据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定 His father died that year in which (=when) he was born. I cannot forget the first day on which (=when) my family moved into the city. 3) 先行词是the reason，而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当缘由状语，一般用why引导定语从句。
也可以用for + which的构造 Is this the reason for which (why) he refused our offer? 但是这里要指出的是，假如介词和Which搭配在一起并不表示以上三种意思，则我们只能保存介词+Which的形式如 I know English in which I wrote the love letter. 4．推断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词及物动词后面无宾语，就必需要 求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词 推断改错： （ ） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （ ） This is the mountain village which I visited last year. （ ） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （ ） I”ll never forget the days which I spent in the countryside. 方法二： 精确推断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/ 关系副词。
1）This is the museum ___ you visited a few days age A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 2）This is the museum ____ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （where 地点状语，when 时间状语， why 缘由状语） 5．限定性从句和非限定性从句 1） 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种限制性定语从句是先行词不行缺少的局部，去掉它主句意思 往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。
例如： Her sister who is a nurse stands there.（限制性） Her sister, who is a nurse, stands there. (非限制性) All the Greeks who are philosophers are very clever. （限制性） All the Greeks, who are philosophers, are very clever. (非限制性) 2） 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进展修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数例如：The traffic of Beijing is quite bad, which is known to everyone. 6．定语从句的省略 (1) 关系代词充当从句宾语 我们前面说到连接词在定语从句中充当一个成分，有可能是主语、有可能是宾语，我信任大家确定还记得，这里我们要告知大家，当这些连接词充当的是宾语时，可以省略。
例如： 1. The book (that/which) we bought last year is now very popular. 2. We can see the boys (who/whom/that) the teacher is talking with are quite happy. 上述第一句的book是先行词，作后面的定语从句中bought的宾语，故引导词that/which可以省略，其次句的先行词students作。