工程造价毕业设计外文文献及译文外文文献：Construction Standards and CostsUC Irvine new construction pursues performance goals and appliesquality standards that affect the costs of capital projects. Periodicre-examination of these goals and standards is warranted.Construction costs are not “high ”or “low ”in the abstract , but ratherin relation to specific quality standards and the design solutions, means,and methods used to attain these standards. Thus, evaluating whetherconstruction costs are appropriate involves:? first, determining whether quality standards are excessive,insufficient, orappropriate;? second, determining whether resultant project costs are reasonable compared to projects with essentially the same quality parameters.“Quality ”encompasses the durability of building systems and finishes;the robustness and life-cycle performance of building systems; theaesthetics of materials, their composition, and their detailing; and theresource-sustainability and efficiency of the building as an overallsystem.Overall Goals and Quality StandardsUC Irvine,in orderto supportdistinguishedresearch andacademicprograms,builds facilitiesofhigh quality.As such,UCIrvine ’sfacilities aim to convey the“look and feel,”as well as embody theinherentconstructionquality,ofthe best facilitiesof otherUCcampuses,leading public universities, and other research institutions with whom...wecompetefor faculty,students,sponsoredresearch,and generalreputation.Since 1992, newbuildingshave been designedto achieve these fivebroadgoals:1.Newbuildingsmust “createa place,”ratherthan constitutestand-alonestructures,formingsocial,aesthetic,contextually-sensitiverelationships with neighboring buildings and the larger campus.2. New buildings reinforce a consistent design framework of classicalcontextualarchitecture,appliedin waysthatconvey a feelingofpermanence and quality and interpretedin ways that meet thecontemporaryand changing needs of a modern research university.3.Newbuildingsemploy materials,systems, and design featuresthatwillavoid the expense ofmajor maintenance (defined as >1 percentofvalue)fortwenty years.4.New buildingsapply“sustainability” principles--notably,outperformingTitle24 (California’s energy code) by at least20 percent.5. Capital construction projects are designed and delivered within the approved project budget, scope, and schedule.UC Irvine ’s goals for sustainable materials and energy performance were adopted partly for environmental reasons, and partly to reverse substantial operating budget deficits.The latter problems included a multi-million dollar utilities deficitthat was growing rapidly in the early ‘90s, and millions of dollars ofunfunded major maintenance that was emerging prematurely in buildingsonly 10-20 years old. Without the quality and performance standardsadopted in 1992, utilities deficits and unfunded major maintenance costswould have exceeded $20 million during the past decade, and these costswould still be rising out-of-control.UC Irvine ’s materials standards, building systems standards,...sustainabilityand energy efficiencycriteria,and siteimprovementsalladd cost increments that can only be afforded through aggressive costmanagement. Institutions that cannot manage capital costs tend to buildprojectsthatconsume excessiveenergy, thatcosta lottomaintain,thatsufferprematuremajor maintenance costs,and thatrequirehighcosts tomodify.Suchproblemstendto compound andspiraldownwardintoincreasingly costlyconsequences.Every administratorwithfacilitiesexperience understandsthisdynamic.Withouteffectiveconstructioncostmanagement, qualitywould sufferandUC Irvine would experience all of these problems.The balance of this document outlines in greater detail the buildingperformancecriteriaand qualitystandardsgenerallystatedabove,organized according to building systems component classes. Each sectiondiscusses keycost-drivers, cost-control strategies, andimportant costtrade-offs. Design practices cited are consistently applied (althoughsome fall short of hard and fast“rules”).Building Organization and MassingConstruction cost management starts with the fundamentals of buildingorganization and massing. UC Irvine’s new structures’floor 。