考研英语长难句:定语从句定语从句( Attributive Clauses )是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作 用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分这个起修饰作用的从句功能上相当于一个定 语的形容词,所以也可称定语从句为形容词从句定语从句结构:先行词 + 关系词 + 从句被修饰的词叫先行词 定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况, 它通常 只能放在被修饰的词(即先行词)之后定语从句由关系词(关系代词、关系副 词)引导,关系代词、关系副词位于定语从句句首定语从句有两种划分标准:v 限定性定语从句 和 非限定性定语从句v 关系代词引导的定语从句 和关系副词引导的定语从句限定性定语从句中的关系代词作定语作主语作宾语指人who/thatwhom/that( 可省略 )whose指物which/thatwhich/that( 可省略)whose非限定性定语从句中的关系代词作主语作宾语作定语指物whichwhichwhose/of which指整个句子which/aswhich/as关系副词引导的限制性定从句和非限制定从句非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句先行词是时间,先行词是地点,先行词是原因,在定从中作时间状 语在定从中作地点状 语在定从中作原因状语when/that/ 介词 +whichwhe n/介词 +whichwhere/that/ 介词 +which where/ 介词 +whichwhy/that/ 介词 +which why/介词 +which2-1. 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、 宾语、定语等成分。
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时, 从句谓语动词的人称和数 要和先行词保持一致关系代词引导的定语从句主要可以分为 4 大类: (1)who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中可 做主语、宾语等 ,例如: 【第 1句】Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想见你的人吗?( who/that 在从句中作主语)He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人 whom/that 在从句中作宾语) (2)whose 用来指人或物, (只用作定语 , 若指物,它还可以同 of which 互换), 例如:【第 2句】They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书 3) which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主 语、宾语等 ,例如: 【第 3句】A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in thecountryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。
which / that 在句中作主语)The package which / that you are carrying is about to comeunwrapped. 你拿的包快散了 (which / that 在句中作宾语)( 4)介词 + which / whom 的结构有时是介词与定语从句中的动词,形容词的 习惯搭配, 例如: 【第 4 句】These are the wires with which different machines are connected. 这是连接不同的机器的电线 be connected with 是习惯搭配)The author with whomall of us are familiar will visit our company. 我们大家都熟悉的那位作家将访问我们公司 be familiar with 是习 惯搭配) (5)which, 引导非限制性定语从句的情况在考研的长难句中很常见 As 引导非 限制性定从的特点主要有两个:第一, as 所指代的先行词通常都是一个完整的 句子;第二, as 引导的定语从句位置很灵活,可以在句首、句中或句末。
which 也能引导非限制性定从,但是 which 引导的非限制性定从不能放在句首,并且 which 引导的非限制性定从指代的先行词即可以是一个完整的句子, 也可以是单 个的词或词组例如: 【第 5 句】As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be use equally for good or evil.正如人们常常指出的, 知识是一把双刃剑, 既可以用于造福, 也同样可以 用来为害1. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. (2015 Text 1)【念念有词】I) taste n. 味道,滋味;口味;爱好;鉴赏力,品味; v. 品尝 ... 的味道, 试尝;体验 She has frightful taste in literature. (她的文学鉴赏力很 糟 It was his first taste of serious action. (那是他第一次体会到重大行动的滋味。
The team has not yet tasted victory at home. (这个 队还没有尝过主场胜利的滋味呢II) hierarchical a. 等 级 制 度 的 , 分 等 级 的 the hierarchical bureaucracy of a local authority (地方当局等级森严的官 僚制度 【句理力争】本句主干为 The danger will come with Charles 后面是一个由 who 引导的非限定性定语从句修饰 Charles 缺主语的定语从句大家在写的时候要注意所修饰 名词或代词是否是单数,如果是的话需要把谓语动词变成单数第三人称形式译译生辉】查尔斯亲王则面临危机,他生活奢华,等级观念浓厚2. The researchers ' argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like OprahWinfrey — whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal , influence — even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that manyothers. (2010 Text 3)【念念有词】I) argument n.争论,争吵,辩论;理由,论据;说理,论证。
argument (withsb.) (about / over sth.) The argument among the two parties was blownup by the press. (双方的争论被新闻界夸大了 I got into an argument with the other driver. (我和另一个司机争执不休II) stem n. 茎,干; v. 起源于, 由 ... 而造成; 堵住,遏制 stem from sth.起源于…;Most people's in securities stem from someth ing that happe nedin their childhood. (大多数人的不安全感源于小时候的经历 ); stem the blood 止血III) function n. 功能,作用,职能;重大聚会(或宴会);函数,随他物变化而变化的事物; v. 工作,运行,起作用 Neither kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is assumed to serve some restorative function of the brain. (1995 完形)(我们对两种形式的睡眠了解都不多,但是人们认为REM垂眠会对大脑有某种康复作用。
Whenher mother was ill, she had to function as both cook and nurse. (母亲生病时,她既当厨师又做护士IV) interpersonal a. 人 与 人 之 间 的 , 关 于 人 与 人 之 间 关 系 的 interpersonal relations 人际关系; interpersonal communication 人际沟 通V) interact v. 互相作用;互动;互相影响 Teachers have a limited amount of time to interact with each child. (老师能和每个孩子互动的时间是有 限的 Perfume interacts with the skin's natural chemicals. (香水和 皮肤的天然化学物质相互作用句理力争】主句的主干部分为 argument stems from an observation, 冒号后面的内容具 体解释 observation 的内容冒号后面的主句是: ...members don't interact with others... 。
其中, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey为状语成分,两个破折号之间为 whose引导的非限定性定语从句,用来 修饰 a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey 译译生辉】研究者的观点源于对社会影响的简单观察:除了个别像欧普拉•温弗瑞这样的少 数名人之外—她的非凡魅力要归功于媒体的作用, 而不是人际交往的作用—即使 是人群中最有影响力的人也不能与那么多人相互来往3. Thewords thathave matteredare efficiency , flexibility , shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation . (2015 text 4)念念有词】I)efficiency n. 功效;效能;效力 greater energy efficiency更大的能效) The reforms will lead to提高效力和促进节约。