Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气虚拟语气 英语动词一般可带有三种不同的语气英语动词一般可带有三种不同的语气 (mood)：： 陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气 不同的语气用动词不同的形式不同的语气用动词不同的形式 (有的还借助句法形式）来表示有的还借助句法形式）来表示 一、陈述语气陈述语气 (The Indicative Mood)用来陈述事实，有肯定、否定、疑问或感叹等形式如：用来陈述事实，有肯定、否定、疑问或感叹等形式如：1. My father and I drove over to the village to see Mr Wu.2. People don't hibernate.3. What a strange-looking person (he is)!4. Are you joking?二、祈使语气祈使语气 (The Imperative Mood)用来表示请求、命令或劝告等用来表示请求、命令或劝告等 如：如： 1.Sit down, please. 2.Don't say it in Chinese. Say it in English, please. 3.Let me have a try. 4.Let him go. 三、虚拟语气虚拟语气 (The Subjunctive Mood)表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。
一般常用于正一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等一般常用于正式的书面语中式的书面语中该语法主要用于该语法主要用于if条件状语从句条件状语从句也可用于也可用于主语从句主语从句、、表语从句表语从句、、宾语从句宾语从句等 通常有三种情况：通常有三种情况：①①与过去事实相反与过去事实相反 （过去虚拟）（过去虚拟）②②与现在事实相反与现在事实相反 （现在虚拟）（现在虚拟）③③与将来事实可能相反将来虚拟）与将来事实可能相反将来虚拟） “后退一步法” ①①与过去事实相反，在从句中用过与过去事实相反，在从句中用过去完成时形式表示去完成时形式表示 ②②与现在事实相反，用一般过去与现在事实相反，用一般过去时形式表示时形式表示 ③③与将来事实可能相反，用过去将来时与将来事实可能相反，用过去将来时形式表示形式表示 1) If I were you, I shouldn't do that. 2) We would go with you if we had time. 3) We could ask him if he were here. 4) If I knew his telephone number, I would ring him up.条件从句主句did（（be动词一般用动词一般用were））would (should, could, might ) + doI. 虚拟语气在主从复合句中的用法 1. 表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词的主要形式如下： 1) If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.2) If you had come earlier, you would (might) have met him.3) I would have called you if I had known your phone number.条件从句条件从句主句主句had + donewould (might / could /should ) + have done2.表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词的主要表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词的主要 形式如下形式如下 1) If it should rain, the crops would be saved. 2) If it were to snow tomorrow, they would not go out.3) If it rained tomorrow, we would not go out.条件从句主句didshould dowere to doWould(could/might/should) + do3.表示与将来事实可能相反，谓语动词的主要形式如下：表示与将来事实可能相反，谓语动词的主要形式如下： Note:省略连词if。
在书面语中，如果虚拟条件句中有were, had或should，可以if把省略而把这几个词放到主语之前构成主谓倒装：例如：1. Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up.2. Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 3. Had he been more careful (If he had been more careful), such mistakes could have been avoided. 1. If she had worked harder, she _____ . (1986) A. would succeed B. had succeeded C. should succeed D. would have succeeded 3. If my lawyer _____ here last Saturday, he _____me from going. A. had been; would have prevented B. had been; would prevent C. were; would prevent D. were; would have prevented 5. If he ______ , he _____ that food.Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. (1993) A. was warned; would not take B. had been warned; would not have taken C. would be warned; had not taken D. would have been warned; had not taken 7. I didn't see your sister at the meeting. If she _____, she would have met my brother. (1994) A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come 9. You didn't let me drive. If we _____ in turn, you _____ so tired. (1996) A. drove; didn't get B. drove; wouldn't get C. were driving; wouldn't get D. had driven; wouldn't have got 2. _____ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge. (1994) A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will 16. _____ I be free tomorrow, I could go with you. A. Could B. Should C. Might D. Must 19. _____ your letter, I would have written back two days ago. A. If I received B. Should I received C. Had I received D. If I could have received 21. Should it rain, the crops _____. A. would be saved B. would have been saved C. will be saved D. had been saved 27. If I _____ you, I would try again. A. am B. was C. were D. be 28. _____ , all the students would hear. A. If the teacher had spoken louder B. If the teacher will speak louder C. Had the teacher spoken louder D. If the teacher spoke louder 29. What should we do if it _____ tomorrow? A. should snow B. would snow C. snow D. will snow 30. If you _____ 5 minutes earlier, you _____ him. A. should come; had seen B. came; would see C. come; will see D. had come; would have seen (1) Mr Brown _____ a house if he had enough money. A. will buy B. would buy C. bought D. has bought (30) _____ I known he needed money so badly, I might have managed to help him. A. Unless B. When C. If D. Had II:虚拟语气在宾语从句的中的用法 1). wish后的宾语从句： 从句中的动词根据时间可采用不同的 形式，参见虚拟条件句： 1. I wish I were (was) as strong/clever/young as you. (But I am not.) 2. We wish we had paid more attention to our pronunciation. 3.I wish he would try. 4.I wish I knew the answer.(But I don't know the answer.) 5.I wish I had known the answer.(But I didn't.) 2. I wish I _____ you yesterday? (1988) A. seen B. did see C. had seen D. were to see (29) I wish the train _____ so late; then I could have got home before breakfast. A. hadn't arrived B. didn't arrive C. wouldn't arrive D. mustn't arrive (31) I wish I ________ to repair the bike, for I only made it worse. A. had tried B. hadn't tried C. tried D. didn't try 2.表示要求，命令，建议的虚拟语气。
1.宾语从句常见动词： 一个坚持，两个命令，三个建议，四个要求即1.insist 2. order, command 3. advise, suggest, propose4. demand , require, request, desire这些动词后面的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气用法即从句中的动词 使用should + 动词原形，或者将should省略 4.We propose that the house should be repaired (repair). 5.The general commanded that the target should be fired (fire) at. 6.They requested that we should sit (sit) down and have a cup of tea. 7.We desire that he should be given (give) a chance. 8.The rules require that players should wear(wear) tennis shoes on the court(网球场). 9.The editor insisted that we should change the title of the book.10.We advise that steps be taken (take) at once.11.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting tonight.12.He ordered that all (should) take part in the work.13.They insisted that we (should) begin the work at once. Note 1: insist作“坚决认为(该怎么做)”时，用此句型；如作“坚决认为(是怎么回事)”时，则不要求如此： e.g. 1.He insisted that he (should) go instead of me. 2.He insisted that you were wrong.( )1.Mr Smith ordered that the work _____ at once. A.do B.did C.was done D.be done( )2.The guard at the gate insisted that everybody ____the rules. A.obeyed B.obey C.will obey D.wouldDB Note 2: 这类词只要是表示愿望、建议、命令等，不管是以什么样的形式出现，后面从句中的形式都要用"should"+动词原形"： ㈠.it is desired/suggested/requested/ordered/proposed that等结构后的主语从句： 1.It is requested that Mr Smith should give a performance at the Party. 2.It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight. 3.It was arranged that they(should) leave the following week. 4.It has been decided that the meeting (should) be postponed (put off) till next Saturday. ㈡. suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea等后面的 表语从句和同位语从句： 1.My suggestion is that we (should) send a few comrades to help them. My suggestion is that a few comrades (should) be sent to help them. 2.My idea is that we (should) do the work ourselves. 3.What do you think of Xiao Yang's proposal that we (should) put on a play at the English evening? 4.The Emperor had ordered the cloth to be woven for so much money. The order the Emperor had given was that the cloth be woven for so much money. 1. The young man insisted that he _____ nothing wrong and ____ free. A. did; set B. had done; should be set C. do; be set D. had done; must be set 2. Mother suggested that I _____ my homework first before watching TV. A. did B. do C. shall do D. have done 3. My suggestion was that the meeting _____ off still next week. A. to put B. be put C. should put D. be putting 5. The commander ordered that the wounded _____ to hospital right away. A. to be sent B. be sent C. send D. should send 6. The order came that the medical supplies _____ to the village soon. A. would be sent B. should send C. be sent D. must be sent 4. The suggestion has been made _____ the basketball game _____ put off. A. for; to B. that; be C. which; should be D. to; being 7. They requested that he ______ on the radio. A. spoke B. speaks C. speak D. would speak 10. The teacher demanded that the exam _____ before eleven.A. must finish B. would be finished C. be finished D. must be finished11. She made the demand that she _____ at once. A. leave B. leaves C. left D. to be left Ⅳ在句型 It is necessary/important/strange/ that... It is a pity/a shame/no wonder/ that...等结构后的 主语从句： Note:这时should+动词原形的意思常常是“竞会”。
6.It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once. 7.It is important that we (should) unite with all that can be united in the struggle. 9.It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings. 10.It is quite natural that such fears should arise. 11.It is a great pity that he should be so conceited (foolish). Ⅵ.一些习惯句型中： ㈠ It is (high) time后的定语从句中通常 也需要用虚拟语气： 1.It is time that we went /should go to bed. 2.It is time we went home. 2. 用于以用于以if only或或as if 引导的简单句中引导的简单句中,谓语动词常用谓语动词常用were型或型或had been型虚拟型虚拟形式形式, 如如:If only she didn’t drive so fast.If only the photo weren’t missing.If only I had arrived in time!但愿她不开那么快但愿她不开那么快.但愿那张照片没丢失但愿那张照片没丢失.我要是及时到达该多好我要是及时到达该多好 ㈡ 用在if only引起的感叹句中（意思为要是什么就好了）： 1.If only we had listened to their advice! 2.If only the letter had arrived in time! 3.If only I hadn't lost it! ㈢ would rather/sooner(宁愿)后也可以用 这样的结构： 1.I would rather they came tomorrow (you had gone there too). 2.I could go myself but I would sooner you went. 3.I would (had) rather you posted the letter right away. be的形式和虚拟条件从句相同： 4. If only he ______ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now. (2000) A. lies B. lay C. had lain D. should lie 8. It is important that we ______ wild animals. A. will protect B. should protect C. shall protect D. are protecting 9. It is necessary that the problem _____ at once. A. solves B. should solve C. should be solved D. will be solved 14. It is strange that he _____ interest in much of his research. A. should have lost B. would lose C. had lost D. will lost 31. If only I _____ my watch! A. hadn't lost B. haven't lost C. didn't lose D. don't lose 40. "What will you do during the summer holiday?""I don't know, but It's high time _____ Something." A. I'm deciding B. I'll decide C. I decided D. I decide Ⅶ.含蓄条件句(Sentences of Implied Condition) 有时，假设的情况不是通过虚拟条件句表示出来，而是通过上下文或 其它方式来表示。
6.without和but for 构成虚拟but for要不是)• Without sunlight, people’s life (be) different from today.• But for your help, I _________________ (not finish) the work.• Without your help, I (fail).• But for water, it (be) impossible to live in the desert._ wouldn’t have finishedwould bewould have failedwould be 3.They could have completed that building (if they had worked harder). 4.Such mistakes could have been avoided (if we had been more careful). 5.He would have given you more help, but he had been so busy ( if he hadn't been so busy). 6.I would have written before, but I have been ill (if I hadn't been ill, I would have written to you). (50) But for John, we ______ the match last week. A. would have lost B. would lose C. had lost D. lost <2> 从句以从句以as if / as though 引导引导, 主句的谓语动主句的谓语动词为连系动词词为连系动词:1) 1) 从句用从句用werewere型虚拟形式型虚拟形式: : 表示从句的动表示从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生作与主句的动作同时发生, , 如如: :You look as if you had a toothache.She looked as though she were fainting.2) 2) 从句用从句用had been had been 型虚拟形式型虚拟形式: : 表示从句表示从句的动的动作先于主句的动作的发生作先于主句的动作的发生, , 如如: :He looks as if he had been ill.以以as if / as though 引导的从句如果不是表示虚引导的从句如果不是表示虚拟拟, 而是表示可能的事实而是表示可能的事实, 则从句中的谓语动词则从句中的谓语动词要用陈述语气要用陈述语气. (43) John talked as if he ______ all the work himself but in fact Harry and Lily did most of it. A. did B. had done C. has done D. do 24. He smiled as if he _____ my thought. A. read B. was reading C. had read D. has read (32) He looked as if he _____ for years. A. hasn't washed B. doesn't wash C. wouldn't wash D. hadn't washed 22. You _____ earlier. The bus left a moment ago. A. would come B. should have come C. may come D. have come 。