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怎样写英文摘要

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英文摘要的报告,13级 人体 刘雷,摘要,亦称文摘(Abstract或Summary),一般置于论文、科研报告或文献综述 的正文之前,是对整个论文主要内容的概括和总结它具有独立性与自含性,即:不阅读全稿就能获得主要信息,也帮助读者决定有无必要阅读全文我国国家编辑标准要求中文摘要为200~300字国际生物医学期刊投稿的统一要求中规定:非结构式摘要不得超过150词,结构式摘要以250词为宜也有些杂志无严格要求,但一般来讲,英文摘要的字数应控制在200词左右1.摘要的定义,,,,2.摘要的种类及内容,,,,非结构式摘要,,亦称通报性或说明性文摘(Descriptive Abstract),一般只提示论文的要点,不涉及其方法、材料、数据、结果等具体内容,有的甚至只用1~2个句子医学文选综述的摘要多为提示性的亦称资料性摘要,内容比较具体,一般要列举关键数据大多数医学论文的摘要为报道性摘要包括内容:(1)介绍研究背景、目的或解题性说明 (2) 研究的过程与结果(3) 结论 (4) 对未来的展望,这类摘要兼顾两种摘要的写法,即以报道性文摘的形式表达论文中信息价值较高的内容,而以指示性文摘的形式略述其余部分。

这种摘要为非结构式摘要,,结构式摘要,结构式摘要在形式上按一定的格式列出项目名称,逐项叙述常见的格式有以下两种:(1) 根据国际《生物医学期刊投稿的统一要求》(温哥华格式) 的规定,采用 OMRAC或AMRAC格式,包括目的 、方法、结果 和结论 四个部分 (2) 另一种格式是近年来英美医学期刊已出现的一种新的结构式摘要,如:英国医学杂志 (British Medical journal,BMJ)、美国医学协会杂志 {The Journal of the American MedicaI Association,JAMA}等,其内容多了:背景 、设计 、范围 (地点) 、对象 、处理 (治疗) 方法 、主要观察指标 共9项内容有时也可根据情况删除1~2项,或将其中数项合并,但结果和结论部分是重点内容3.写摘要注意的时态和语态,1、时态:英文摘要的时态应用比较固定,各项内容都有某一特定的时态英文摘要时态的运用也以简练为佳,常用一般现在时、一般过去时,少用现在完成时、过去完成时,虚拟时态和其他复合时态基本不用1)一般现在时,1.介绍研究背景(发表时的当前情况)2.本文主题与内容(在报道性和文献综述)3.研究目的(介绍本文的中心意图,和要解决的问题)4.表示作者的结论(具有普遍的真理性) 5.对未来的展望(将来时),,,时态,,2.一般过去式,,1.交待研究的目(研究中所做的已成为过去) 2.叙述研究过程、方法、方案设计和结果(所做的研究已经结束) 3.结论(不具有不普遍性,只是当时研究的结果),3.完成时,,1.介绍研究背景时(强调过去的行为对目前的影响,用于报道性文摘)2。

陈述研究的过程、方法和结果(在作者研究之前已有人进行过工作),,,现在完成时,过去完成时,,4. 在结论部分,有时作者客观、委婉地陈述自己的看法和建议,常用虚拟语气“should + 动词原形(should常省略)”表示;推测和评论某种情况的可能性,或在动词前用情态动词can/could,may/might,should,,语态,国际标准ISO214—1976 (E) 《文献工作——供出版及文献处理的文摘》中指出:“尽量采用主动语态,因为主动语态有助于文字清晰、简洁及有力地表达然而,在提示性以及报道性摘要中,为强调动作承受者,也需被动态动词标准强调:“除非采用第一人称可避免语句结构繁琐累赘而更易于理解,一般应采用第三人称,为了突出行为对象,着重客观事实的叙述1.平行结构的应用平行结构是指由连词连接的两个或两个以上的词、词组、短语或句子成分,在结构上必须完全对等,相互平行,同时要求它们的数、格、时态和语态也都必须一致常见的连词有:and,or,but,both...and,either...or,neither...nor,not on1y...but also,whether...or,than,as well as等),,注意事项,,,2.常用的省略形式.,,(1) 常用缩略语 (2) 名词词组 3) 并列句中若干句子成分的省略(4) 定语从句中的省略 (5)状语从句中主句与从句一致,从句主谓省略。

(6)使用简洁的词语,摘要四要素常用的句型,研究目的的表达① 为了…:(to/inorder to + 动词 (常用动词有study,investigate,evaluate, observe,clarify,understand,examine,substantiate,inquire into,elucidate, etc.); In an effort/attempt to + 动词② 为了探讨…:In order to explore...③ 为了弄清…的关系:To find out the relationship between...and...④ 本研究旨在…:The purpose/objective/aim of this study was...study aimed at.../The study was designed to...⑤ 本研究的主要目的是…:The primary purpose of his study was to,研究方法:用...法:using/employing ...;by / with /through...;...was used / employed / applied to do...,研究结果的表达 ① 结果表明…:The result showed that... ② (我们) 发现…:It was found that…/We found that... ③ (我们) 观察到…:It was observed that.../We observed that ④…与…密切相关:...was closely related to… ⑤ 增加 (减少) :...increased/decreased b,作者结论的表达 ① suggest作者建议 (认为) …:The author ssuggest that.../It is suggested that...;本报告表明…,This report suggests that...;所取得的资料表明…:The data obtained suggest that...;结果有力地表明...:The results strongly suggest that... ② conclude,conclusion我们的结论是…:Our conclusion is that.../We conclude that...:由此可得出以下结论…:From this we can conclude that...;可以得出…结论:It can be concluded that.../Conclusion can be reached/drawn that... ③ show,indicate研究结果表明…:The results show...;这些资料表明…:The data show that...;本研究提示…:The study indicates that...;这些发现指出…:These findings indicate that... ④ illustrate,demonstrate,confirm -本例说明…:This case illustrates that...;这说明了…:It is illustrated that...;这些结果证明/显示…:These results demonstrate that...;本研究证实…:The study confirms that...;所获资料未能证实,The data obtained faill to confirm that...,实例:Variation of rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis of rat skeletal muscle under different training intensities,Abstract BACKGROUND: Glycolytic system plays an important role in the consumption and utilization of energy in movement. Various training subjects lead to different adaptive changes of bodies. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of different training intensities on phosphofructokinse (PFK), hexokinase (HK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) activities of rat skeletal muscle. METHODS: According to BEDFORD TG standards, anaerobic exercise, aerobic exercise, aerobic and anaerobic cross-training motion models were established using treadmill running with different intensities. At the same time, normal animals served as control group. All the animals were killed immediately after exercise training. The activity of PFK, HK and PK were determined by enzyme-coupled assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After treadmill training, the PFK activity in the anaerobic exercise group was increased (P < 0.05). To the cross-training group, it increased after 6 weeks’ training (P < 0.05), however, the activity of PFK was decreased after 2 and 4 weeks’ aerobic exercise training (P < 0.05). HK activity was increased after 4 and 6 weeks’ training (P < 0.05), which was the highest in the anaerobic exercise group (P < 0.05). Compared with the cross-training group, HK activity in the aerobic exercise group was lower (P < 0.05). The activity of PK was decreased in 2-week and 4-week anaerobic exercise group than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The present findings demonstrated that, the activity of rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis was affected not only by exercise modes, but also by training periods. Long-time training, especially including high-speed anaerobic training, can protect the activity of rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis.,。

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