一、程度副词1、 very, much, very much1) very修饰形容词或副词原形，与quite, pretty, fairly相似；much修饰形容词或副词比较级， 与 by far, rather , a lot ,a little 相似.例如：He walks very fast. He walks much faster than you.① 修饰a-开头的表语形容词，不用very修饰，而用much或very much修饰例如：They are much alike. She is very much afraid of the snakes. He is much alone these days.② 有些不分级别的形容词，如dead , ready , right , wrong , excellent等，表示终极意义时， 不能再用增强语气的very来修饰，可用quite修饰例如：You are quite right.③ 有些形容词有固定搭配，不用very, much修饰例如：Well done, well worth, fast /sound asleep, wide awake2) very与much都可以和形容词和副词的最高级连用，但very必须放在定冠词之后，much 必须放在定冠词之前。
例如：This dictionary is much the best for learners.This dictionary is the very best for learners.此外 very 还可以与 first ,last 等词连用例如：He drank it to the very last drop.3) 修饰动词用much，多用于疑问或否定句；肯定句多用very much, a lot , a great deal等例如：I have very much regretted the decision.① very , much, very much三个词都可以修饰用作形容词的过去分词，如surprised , pleased , excited , frightened , interested , satisfied , limited ,delighted 等等例如：We were all very /much / very much shocked by the news about Tony.She is very / much / very much pleased at your coming.② 过去分词放在名词前面作定语，一般用very修饰。
例如：He was a very experienced expert.③ 有些动词有自己固定的搭配，不用 very / much / very much修饰，如blow ,pull ,push ,rain ,snow ,try , study , think ,work 等等用 hard 等修饰例如：Work hard or you cannot catch up with your classmates.Take the umbrella with you. It's raining hard / heavily outside.4) Much 可与 how ,so , too 等副词连用，而 very 不可以，too little ,too many , too few 等前面 用 far , much 修饰例如：How much meat would you like? Jane is much /far too beautiful.2、 1)a lot 和 lots[= much]多用于比较级： a lot better, faster, easier etc, they are much better, faster etc:My headache's lots better, thanks.You'll get there a lot quicker if you take the motorway.2) to a great degree or often：Things have changed a lot since I was a child.Paul travels a lot on business.I've been worrying a lot about my health.She likes you a lot.3、 a great deal：1) a great deal more/ess etc (=a lot more, less etc): He knew a good deal more than I did. She's married to a man a good deal older than herself.2) matter a lot/a great deal: It mattered a great deal to her what other people thought of her.4、 little, a little, a little bit, a bit1) little： only slightly 几乎不：little known 鲜为人知：a little known corner of the world little more/better etc (than sth): His voice was little more than a whisper.2) a little： slightly or to a small degree [= a bit]: He was a little surprised at her request. a little more/better/further etc： We'll have to wait a little longer to see what happens.3) a bit： ① slightly or to a small degree [= a little]= [a little bit]: Could you turn the TV up a bit?Aren't you being a little bit unfair?I think you're a bit too young to be watching this.She looks a bit like my sister.a bit better/older/easier etc: I feel a bit better now.② sometimes, but not very often: I used to travel a bit when I was younger.二、时间、频率副词1、ago, before1) ago从现在算起多久之前，用于过去时，只有一种使用方法[一段时间+ago]：2) [ 一段时间+before]从过去算起多久之前，可用过去时或过去完成时：We went to the same hotel where we stayed two years before.the day/week/month etc before： She was in Paris last week and in Rome the week before.3) before 单独使用=at an earlier time，泛指以前：Haven't I met you before somewhere?Never before had he seen so many people starving.She looked just the same as before.2、rarely, seldom, hardly, scarcely1) Rarely and seldom= ‘not often’几乎不，频率副词，只是Seldom更正式・People rarely ask questions. She was seldom seen in public. The disease is rarely fatal.2) Hardly and scarcely ='almost not' or 'only just'. ‘几乎不’，程度副词，Scarcely 更正式If you hardly had time to do something, you almost did not have time.I hardly had time to ask her name.We had scarcely arrived when he asked us to leave.3) Hardly and scarcely 可以和'ever' 一起构成 ‘rarely 和 seldom’： I hardly ever go to the cinema.She lives in Spain, so we hardly ever (=almost never) see her.4) 和'any'构成'very few, almost none' etc： I've got hardly any money left.There was hardly any (=very little) traffic.5) hardly a day/week/month etc goes by without/when:(=used to say that something happens almost every day, week etc)几 乎每天...Hardly a month goes by without another factory closing down.。