湘潭大学 硕士学位论文 白话公案小说中的判官形象 姓名：曾玲 申请学位级别：硕士 专业：中国古代文学 指导教师：李剑波 20080508 I 摘 要 公案小说是指那些以描写判官折狱断案为主要内容的小说本文把宋元到晚清 有代表性的白话公案小说作品中的判官形象作为研究对象,探讨判官形象发展演变 的轨迹与原因，以及塑造判官形象的艺术手法 本文分为四章： 第一章 界定白话公案小说的范畴,梳理其发展脉络以及介绍其在各个时期的 创作情况 “公案小说”的提法是在宋代“说公案”的影响下,于研究过程中逐渐自 发形成的笔者从判官的视角出发,认为公案小说是指那些以描写判官折狱断案为 主要内容的小说,尤其是不能缺少官吏破案判案这一关键环节白话公案小说与文 言公案小说是两个既相互区别又相互联系的概念,它们之间存在思想内容、读者对 象、作品风格等诸多差异,但同时又在创作题材、创作手法上表现出相互融合、相 互借鉴的趋势 白话公案小说在宋代开始出现， 到明代呈现出前所未有的蓬勃景象： 短篇公案小说集纷纷刊印,而到了清代,也就是白话公案小说发展的后期,其表现出 章回化、武侠化的趋势,在西方推理侦探小说冲击下,传统公案小说创作逐渐开始消 亡。
第二章 阐述判官形象发展前期的演变轨迹,并揭示其发展变化的原因宋元 到明万历年间是判官形象发展和演变的前期,这一时期判官形象的发展轨迹是：由 被否定逐渐走向被肯定,判官形象的塑造在作品中的位置由边缘逐渐向中心靠近， 判官也逐渐由人上升为神笔者从以下三个方面揭示了该时期判官形象发展和演变 的原因：1.杂剧对小说的影响元杂剧作家们创作的大量清官戏中描写的正面判官 形象，体现了民意对“公道”和“正义”的强烈诉求，因而被赋予了一些神化色彩 明代白话公案小说继承了元杂剧的这一创作传统，判官形象不断被正面化，他们的 本领、作用不断被夸大、神化，开始在小说中占据着十分重要的位置；2.老百姓的 清官崇拜意识明代司法和吏治制度空前的昏聩，促使民众把对封建法权的强烈不 满和追求真正公平法制的理想寄托在具有神圣超凡洞察力的清官身上；3.宋元和明 代万历年间公案小说作者、读者的文化水平差异和审美差异宋元公案小说来自于 民间艺人，其读者群体主要是一些文化水平不高的下层民众，对于小说故事性、情 节性的过度关注导致了小说中判官形象的简单化和边缘化，而明代白话公案小说主 要是供案头阅读，其作者与读者的审美、文化水平较高，于是创作中开始注重人物 形象的刻画，判官逐渐成为了小说描写的中心。
第三章 阐述判官形象发展后期的演变轨迹，并探讨引起其发展变化的原因 明末到晚清是判官形象发展和演变的后期,这一时期判官形象的发展演变主要表现 在三个方面：1.判官由被肯定逐渐转向被否定，2.判官在小说中的位置由中心逐渐 向边缘外移，3.判官由神逐渐下降为人本章主要从三个方面来探讨这一时期判官 II 形象发展和演变的原因：1.侦探小说的大量译介给公案小说带来了生存的困境，传 统的公案小说模式已经满足不了人们在审美、娱乐方面的需求，长期处于小说中心 位置的判官也逐渐成了被批判、 被否定的对象； 2.侠客的加入促使判官形象边缘化， 判官在公案小说中主角位置的转移既是由事实上无力的清官必须让位于对于改造 世界更有行动力的侠客来决定的，又是公案故事发展之势所必然3.创作主体的思 想、情趣也在一定程度上决定了判官形象的变化受晚明率性而为、随心所欲的时 代风气的影响，公案小说作者开始站在人欲的高度对作品中的判官进行刻画，发展 至清代，说书人庸俗的市民思想、情趣使小说中的判官更加世俗化、个性化 第四章 探讨白话公案小说中判官形象塑造的艺术手法在白话公案小说中, 判官形象的塑造主要采用四种艺术手法来进行：1.用虚构、挪移的方法来塑造，2. 用夸张甚至神化的方法来彰显判官，3.通过 “清”与“昏”、“忠”与“奸”的 对比来塑造，4.用类型化的方法来塑造。
关键词:关键词: 白话公案小说；判官；发展；演变；艺术手法 III Abstract The courtcase story is the novel which describes how judges folds the prison to settle lawsuits. This paper focus on the images of the judges in the typical vernacular courtcase stories from Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty to the later of Qing Dynasty, so as to discuss the track and cause of the development of those images, and that the artful way of making up those images. This paper is divided into four chapters: The first chapter is designed to restrict the category of the vernacular courtcase story, to put in order its developing track as well as to introduce its creation situations in different times. Under the influence of the “narration case” in Song Dynasty, “The courtcase story” was formed gradually in the process of research. From the judge of view, I think the courtcase story is the novel which describes how judges folds the prison to settle lawsuits, and which couldn’t without the key parts about the process of the officers’ judgements. The vernacular courtcase story and the literary style courtcase story are respectively two conceptions which are different from each other but have something to do with each other at the same time. The differences of them exist in ideological contents, readers, and styles. Meanwhile, they also in tend to learn with each other in creation material and technique. The vernacular courtcase story appeared in Song Dynasty, and came to its summit in Ming Dynasty, when the books of such kinds of novels are published in great amounts. Then came the Qing Dynasty, the later time for the vernacular courtcase stories, such novels turn to the tendency of chapterlize and swordmenlize. Attacked by western detective stories, the creation of traditional courtcase story gradually died off. The second chapter is designed to expound the developing track of the judge images in its early times, and find out its cause of development. Song and Yuan Dynasty to Wang Li times in Ming Dynasty is the early time of this development. The image of judges, in this time ,were in the transition from negative to positive, from edge to center, human to god. This paper reveal its cause of development from three points.1.The influence of the drama in Yuan Dynasty. The great amount of positive justice in those dramas, reflected the eager requirement of fair and justice. So , they were endowed with some character of god. The vernacular courtcase story in Ming Dynasty inherited this tradition from Yuan dramas, The judge image by frontage, their ability, the function unceasingly is been unceasingly exaggerating, the deification, the image of judge starts IV to occupy the very important position in those novel. 2. The conception from common people to worship the officers who work without corruption. The Ming Dynasty judicature and administrative style and achievements of local officials system unprecedented muddle-headedness, urges the populace intense discontented and pursue true fair legal system's ideal reposing in has to the feudal legal jurisdiction on the sacred unusual insight clear person in office The law and bureaucracy system are corrupted unprecedentedly. So the officers without corruption serve as the idle for people’s requirement for real fair. 3.The difference of readers and authors in culture and aesthetics between Song, Yuan and Ming Dyn。