23个目前完毕时的标志词（如to date） 固然ever, never, just（方才/刚刚）, already（已经）, yet（到目前为止）, today, this morning/week/year也是可以使用目前完毕时，并非是大多数原则——浮现如下的词汇，一般使用“目前完毕时”构造1)ever since, since, since then——3个2)by now, so far, till/until now, up to now——5个3)before, lately, recently——3个4)in recent years；in the past——2个5)in/for/over/during the last/past +时间段——2个6)This/That/It is + 最高档构造… (that) +从句用现完——1个7)This/That/It is the first/second… time (that) +从句用现完——1个8)This/That/It is the only…(that) +从句用现完——1个9)不很常用的up to the present, to date, thus far——3个10)不很常用的long ago, from——2个——以上的划分是为理解说记忆的以便而已。
1.ever since, since, since then——3个ever since, since中的since可以是副词，也可以是介词、连词；since then为介词+名词（或副词）构造《朗文英语语法》第309页9.25.2与since和for连用的目前完毕时since和for常与目前完毕时连用，表达直到目前的时段since（+时点）可用作：since连词：Tom hasn’t been home since he was a boy. 汤姆从小就不在家了since副词：I saw Fiona in May and I haven’t seen her since.我5月份见过菲奥娜，此后我就没有再会过她了since介词：I’ve lived here since 1980. 自1980年起我就住在这儿since用作连词时，背面可跟一般过去时或目前完毕时：I retired in 1980 and came to live here. I’ve lived here since I retired.我于1980年退休后就搬到这里我自退休后就始终住在这儿即我调休的时点：1980年）I have lived here for several years now and I’ve made many new friends since I have lived here.我已在这里住了好近年。
从我在这里住下到目前，我已交了许多新朋友即始终到目前）2.by now, so far, till/until now, up to now——5个这几种是“到目前为止/到目前为主/迄今（为止）”，常使用现完——中考考点《高阶英语语法》（增补本 杜永文编著）第295页0433If he sent the letter to me last Wednesday, why have not I received it by now?如果上个星期三她把信寄给我了，为什么到目前我还不曾收到？《麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典》第1420页now词条The meeting should have finished by now. 会议目前应当已经结束了《剑桥高阶英汉双解词典》第785页far词条so far: until now迄今为止；到目前为止So far we’ve made thirty-two thousand pounds.到目前为止，我们已经赚了32 000英镑《麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典》第738页far词条so far: until now迄今为止So far we have restricted our attention to the local area.迄今为止，我们都把注意力局限在本地。
《麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典》第1420页now词条up to now/ until nowUntil now, we’ve had very mild weather this winter.我们今年冬天的天气始终到目前都比较暖和《COBUILD英汉双解词典》第2155页up词条Up to now they’ve had very little say. 始终到目前她们还很少有发言权3.before(now), lately, recently——3个before必须是副词词性，强调的是“从目前开始追溯到过去的一段时间”，使用现完；recently与lately相近，含义有两个“近来的/近来的，不久前的”，因此前者的含义大多使用现完构造，后者的含义使用一般过去时构造《朗文英语语法》第308页9.25.1Olga hasn’t appeared on TV before now. 奥尔加在此此前没有上过电视《韦氏高阶英汉双解词典》第176页before词条before: adv. at an earlier time此前；过去Haven’t we met before? 我们此前没见过？We haven’t had these problems before. 我们此前从未碰倒过这些问题。
《英语词汇用法手册》(L. G. 亚历山大编著)第159页late, lately词条We haven’t seen you lately. 近来我们始终没见过你lately = 近来）《朗文现代高档英语辞典》第五版第2394页smile词条I haven’t had much to smile about lately. 近来我没什么开心的事情《葛传槼英语常用法词典》第475页recently词条5.recently可与修饰属于完毕时态或过去时态的动词例如：I (have) heard from him recently.《COBUILD柯林斯 英汉双解词典》辛克莱著第1612页recently词条I haven’t heard from her recently. 近来我没有接到她的信4.in recent years；in the past——2个上海高考英语考察过in recent years这个构造；in the past可以使用过去时与目前完毕时等构造《新概念英语》第二册第58课 A blessing in disguise? 是因祸得福吗？The tree was planted near a church fifty years ago, but it is only in recent yearsthat it has gained an evil reputation.后半句事实上是个强调句，可理解为that it has gained an evil reputation only in recent years. 这里把recent相应于目前完毕时源于此。
《麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典》第1059页in词条44c: within a period of time在（一段时间）之内：Unemployment has risen by over 15% in the past year.失业率在去年一年内上升了15%以上《现代英语用法词典》（修订版 张道真主编）第1059页past词条In the past I have had many jobs. (DCE)In the past trains were pulled by steam-engines. (OSD)5.in/for/over/during the last/past +时间段——2个这个大构造大多使用现完，高考英语考察两处：介词（与现完的搭配）；现完（与介词构造的搭配）6.This/That/It is +最高档构造… (that) +从句用现完——1个——事实上，实际应用中未见得完全如此，但考试还是一种规定《朗文英语语法》第308页9.25.1It’s the most interesting book I’ve ever read. 这是我读过的最故意识的书《牛津英语用法指南》（第三版）第920页It’s one of the most interesting books I’ve ever read.这是我看过的最故意识的书中的一本。
《朗文英语语法》第40页It’s the silliest argument (that) I’ve ever heard. 这是我据说过的最愚蠢的论点Bach’s the greatest composer that’s (or who’s) ever lived.巴赫是曾有过的最伟大的作曲家《朗文英语语法》第219页6.28.1我们也可以在最高档之后用一关系从句这种从句常常随着着带有…ever heard, met, read, seen等词的目前完毕时：‘War and Peace’ is the longest book (that) I have ever read.《战争与和平》是我所看过的书中最长的一部Penfold is the most conceited man (that/whom) I have ever met.彭福尔德是我所遇到的人中最自负的一种7.This/It/That is the first/second… time (that) +从句用现完——1个——该条目算是硬性的规定《牛津英语语法：即学即练》第30页在It’s/This is the first/second time之后，用目前完毕时。
This is the first time we’ve been to Scotland, so it’s all new to us.This is the second time Rachel has forgotten to give me a message.I love this film. I think it’s the fourth time I’ve seen it.《牛津英语用法指南》（第三版）第920页This is the first that I’ve heard her sing. 这是我第一次听见她唱歌8.This/That/It is the only…(that) +从句用现完——1个——本条目属于语法构造上的规定《牛津英语用法指南》（第三版）第920页在以this/it/that is the first/second/third/only/best/worst等构建的句子里，要用目前完毕时《朗文英语语法》第42页1.43关系从句之所指：一种句子可以涉及一种以上的关系词：It’s the only building (which) I’ve ever seen which is made entirely of glass.这是我所见过的唯一的一座所有用玻璃造的建筑物。
第一种which一般可以省略9.不很常用的up to the present, to date, thus。