过去分词作定语和状语过去分词是非谓语动词的一种形式，没有时态和语态的变化，它只是一种形式，从意义上讲，它具有完成和被动两大特点 一. 过去分词作定语1. 过去分词作定语时，单个的过去分词或只带副词的单个过去分词作前置定语时，具有形容词的特性，一般放在被修饰词的前面a broken window, an honored guest, a retired teacher, the fallen leaves2. 过去分词修饰some/any/no + thing/body/one所形成的不定代词或指示代词those等时，或过去分词短语作定语时，要置于被修饰的名词之后They reduced the number of animals used in experiments.There is almost nothing changed since I left the town two years ago.3. 过去分词作定语时与定语从句的关系：（1）及物动词的过去分词可改为动词被动形式的定语从句 lost time= time which is lost;a beaten team= a team which is beaten;a well-known writer= a writer who is well-known.（2）部分不及物动词的过去分词作定语时可改为动词完成式或表示状态的定语从句。
retired workers = workers who have retired;a sunken ship = a ship which has sunk 二. 过去分词作状语过去分词作状语修饰谓语，大多说明动作发生的背景或情况，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等一般说来，这一结构的逻辑主语是主句的主语Choked by the heavy smoke, he could hardly breathe. 他被浓烟呛着了，几乎不能呼吸了Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks significant. 从山顶看这座城市时，它看起来很壮丽She walked out of the house, followed by her little daughter. 她的小女儿跟着她走出了家门有时分词为了加以强调或明确其意义用连词when，once, if, though, although, even if, even though, unless, than, as (像)等后面接过去分词When told of the news, she got very excited.I won’t go to the party unless invited.综上所述：做有关非谓语动词作状语的题时要把握两点：（1）非谓语动词与句子主语的关系，看是主动还是被动；（2）非谓语动词与句子谓语动词的关系，看其与谓语动词动作发生的时间先后。
边悟边练】1. Prices of daily goods _____ through a computer can be lower than store prices.A. are bought B. boughtC. been bought D. buying2. Mr. Smith, _____ of the _____ speech, started to read a novel.A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring 3. After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, _____. A. exhausting B. exhausted C. being exhausted D. having exhausted4. The dog, _____, will be made a good watchdog.A. to train properly B. being trained properlyC. properly to train D. trained properly5. _____ to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.A. Asking B. To ask C. Ask D. Asked Key：1-5BABDD透过高考试题解读过去分词作定语和状语 过去分词有两个显著的特点，即：从时间上讲，表示动作已经完成；从语态上讲，表示被动的概念，但是如果是不及物动词用作过去分词形式，则只表示时间上的过去，而没有被动意义。
过去分词在句中通常可以作表语、补足语、定语或状语，本文拟结合历年高考试题重点讨论其作定语和状语的问题一、作定语1．定语的位置 1）单个过去分词及由过去分词构成的复合形容词作定语时，通常置于被修饰词之前，但修饰代词时，需置于被修饰词之后如：the developed countries发达国家；well-trained policemen训练有素的警察；man-made satellites人造卫星；everybody invited所有被邀请的人注意：leave的过去分词left表示“剩余的、剩下的”意思时，置于被修饰词之后如：There is only one minute left．就剩下一分钟了2）过去分词短语作定语要后置，即要放在被修饰词之后如：Don't use words，expressions，or phrases ____only to people with specific knowledge．（上'02）A．being known B．having been known C．to be known D．known 3）部分过去分词置于被修饰词前后的位置不同，则意义也不相同。
如： an adopted child收养的孩子；a plan adopted被采纳的方案2．作限制性定语或非限制性定语过去分词作定语可以是限制性定语，也可以是非限制性定语，并且可以与对应的限制性定语从句或非限制性定语从句相互转换如：1）The first textbooks written for teaching as a foreign language came out in the 16th century．此句可以转换为：The first textbooks that（which）were written for teaching as a foreign language came out in the 16th century．2）The Olympic Games，first held in 776B．C．，did not include women competitors until1912．此句可以转换为：The Olympic Games，which was first held in 776B．C．，did not include women competitors until 1912．3．表示情感的动词的过去分词一般由表示情感或心理状态的动词转化而来的过去分词作定语时，通常不可以修饰无生命物，有些此类过去分词已经完全形容词化，常见的这类过去分词有：disappointed（失望的），moved（感动的），interested（感兴趣的），touched（被感动的），surprised（感到惊讶的），shocked（震惊的、震撼的），puzzled（迷惑不解的），frightened（受惊吓的）等等。
如： a frightened driver吓坏了的司机;a disappointed girl感到失望的女孩.4．不及物动词的过去分词一些不及物动词也有过去分词形式，由于不及物动词不可以直接跟宾语，所以不及物动词的过去分词作定语时只表示动作的完成，而没有被动语态的意义如： newly-arrived goods新到的货；fallen leaves落叶；faded flowers凋谢的花一、 过去分词作定语 动词过去分词表示的意义是被动的和完成的，单个的分词作定语常常放在被修饰词的前面，而分词短语作定语时，通常置于被修饰词的后面，其作用相当于一个定语从句且分词所表示的动作与其所修饰的名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系1．Most of the artists ____________ to the party were from South Africa．［MET90］ A．invited B．to invite C．being invited D．had been invited 【简析】句中的most of the artists与invited之间是被动关系，故应选用过去分词，相当于who were invited，答案为A。
2．The computer centre，____________ last year，is very popular among the students in this school．［NMET93］ A．open B．opening C．having opened D．opened 【简析】根据句中的last year可知the computer centre去年就开业了，表示完成的动作；而且open与the computer centre又存在被动关系，句意为：去年开办的计算机中心在这所学校里受到学生们的欢迎答案为D 3．The first textbooks ____________ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century．［NMET94］ A．having written B．to be written C．being written D．written 【简析】根据语境，我们应选D，因为writ- ten既表示被动又表示完成的动作A不能作后置定语，B是不定式的被动语态，表示将来的动作，C表示正在进行的动作，均不合题意。
4．The Olympic Games，____________ in 776 BC，did not include women players until 1912．［NMET97］ A．first playing B．to be first played C．first played D．to be first playing 【简析】根据题意可知，the Olympic Games与play之间是被动关系，因此可以排除A和D，另外B表示将来的动作，也应排除，故答案为C它可还原成一个非限制性定语从句：which was first played in 776 BC 二、过去分词作状语 过去分词作状语时，它常与句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系作条件、原因、时间状语时，分词短语常位于句首；作伴随。