1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1IEA BioenergyThis report was jointly prepared for IEA Bioenergy by the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), E4tech, Chalmers University of Technology, and the Copernicus Institute of the University of Utrecht. The purpose of the report was to produce an authoritative review of the entire bioenergy sector aimed at policy and investment decision makers. The brief to the contractors was to provide a global perspective of the potential for bioenergy, the main opportunities for deployment in the short and medium term and the principal issues and challenges facing the development of the sector.IEA BIOENERGY: ExCo: 2009:06Bioenergy – a Sustainable and Reliable Energy SourceMAIN REPORT2KEY MESSAGESBioenergy is already making a substantial contribution to meeting global energy demand. This contribution can be expanded very significantly in the future, providing greenhouse gas savings and other environmental benefits, as well as contributing to energy security, improving trade balances, providing opportunities for social and economic development in rural communities, and improving the management of resources and wastes.Bioenergy could sustainably contribute between a quarter and a third of global primary energy supply in 2050. It is the only renewable source that can replace fossil fuels in all energy markets – in the production of heat, electricity, and fuels for transport.Many bioenergy routes can be used to convert a range of raw biomass feedstocks into a final energy product. Technologies for producing heat and power from biomass are already well-developed and fully commercialised, as are 1st generation routes to biofuels for transport. A wide range of additional conversion technologies are under development, offering prospects of improved efficiencies, lower costs and improved environmental performance.However, expansion of bioenergy also poses some challenges. The potential competition for land and for raw material with other biomass uses must be carefully managed. The productivity of food and biomass feedstocks needs to be increased by improved agricultural practices. Bioenergy must become increasingly competitive with other energy sources. Logistics and infrastructure issues must be addressed, and there is need for further technological innovation leading to more efficient and cleaner conversion of a more diverse range of feedstocks. Further work on these issues is essential so that policies can focus on encouraging sustainable routes and provide confidence to policy makers and the public at large.BIOENERGY – A SUSTAINABLE AND RELIABLE ENERGY SOURCE A review of status and prospectsLead authors: Ausilio Bauen (E4tech); Göran Berndes (Chalmers University of Technology); Martin Junginger (Copernicus Institute of the University of Utrecht); Marc Londo (ECN) and François Vuille (E4tech)Contributing authors: Robert Ball (E4tech); Tjasa Bole (ECN); Claire Chudziak (E4tech); André Faaij (Copernicus Institute of the University of Utrecht) and Hamid Mozaffarian (ECN)Disclaimer: Whilst the information in this publication is derived from reliable sources and reasonable care has been taken in the compilation, IEA Bioenergy and the authors of the publication cannot make any representation or warranty, express or implied, regarding the verity, accuracy, adequacy or completeness of the information contained herein. IEA Bioenergy and the authors do not accept any liability towards the readers and users of the publication for any inaccuracy, error, or omission, regardless of the cause, or any damages resulting there from. In no event shall IEA Bioenergy or the authors have any liability for lost profits and/or indirect, special, punitive, or consequential damages.3KEY MESSAGES2EXECUTIVE SUMMARY6Introduction 6Biomass Resources 6Biomass Conversion Technologies 8Bioenergy Markets 10Interactions with Other Markets 12Bioenergy and Policy Objectives 12Lessons for the Future 13A Sensible Way Forward 14CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION151.1 Objectives and Scope of the Report 16 1.2 Structure of the Report 16CHAPTER 2: BIOMASS RESOURCES AND POTENTIALS172.1 Overview of Biomass Feedstocks and Global Technical Potentials 172.1.1 Technical biomass potential 172.1.2 Key factors influencing technical biomass potential 182.1.3 Biomass potential taking into account several sustainability constraints 192.2 Regional and Short-term Biomass Utilisation Scenarios 212.3 Environmental and Other Aspects of Energy Crop Production 222.3.1 Water availability and competition 222.3.2 Environmental functions of bioenergy production 232.3.3 Biodiversity 242.3.4 The agricultural sector, crop improvements and GMOs 242.3.5 Climate change impacts 242.4 Biomass Supply Chains and Logistics242.5 Key Messages for Decision Makers 26CHAPTER 3: BIOENERGY ROUTES。