翻译理论与实践讲义作业一 字词的翻译一、词的理解1.一词多义：例子：wet She had a wet nurse for the infant Elliot. 她雇了一名奶妈为艾略特喂奶 If you think I am for him, you are all wet. 如果你认为我支持他，那你就大错特错了 She wet her pants at the news. 听到这个消息，她吓得尿了裤子2.词的大小：state and revolution, 国家与革命（列宁著作）state of the union (国情咨文)the united states. 美国（联合的各州）3.词义引申：抽象化、具体化例子：every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜有苦 She stood there chewing over the strange thing. 她站在那儿仔细地琢磨这件怪事 The engine sounds good. 那台机器听起来很正常 At 23, he had first learned what it is to be a Negro. 他23岁时，平生第一次尝到了做黑人的滋味。
4.词的褒贬：例子：comment Alice was excited as a child, delighted to be once more the center of the comment.爱丽丝兴奋得像个小孩子似地，很高兴自己有成了谈论的中心But what a comment, she could not help reflecting, on her own charms.但她禁不住想到，这对她个人的魅力是多么大的讽刺啊He walked around the room. He then stopped and looked around, “comment” ? 他在房间里走来走去，之后停下来环视着说：“谁有高见”？5.词的轻重：看词类、看场合、看句型、看习惯等等 例子：through He slept the night through. 他一觉睡到天亮 There is a through train to Beijing. 有一列到北京去的直达列车 Through this way, they finished the task. 通过这一方法，他们完成了该项任务。
She is free with her money. 她花钱大方？出手大方？出手阔绰？不在意钱？ I made her free of my library. 我让她随意用我的藏书室（书房）我的书房对她开放我的书房由她使二、词义的表达1.直译法例子：dark horse 黑马 暴发户 instant rich Hot dog 热狗 半边天 half the sky Forbidden fruit 禁果 红卫兵 red guard2意译法例子：blue jacket 水手 炒鱿鱼 fire, dismiss the yellow leaf 老年 下海 risk one’s fortune in doing business Wet blanket 不受欢迎的人 白拿 to obtain without paying3.直译意译结合法例子：the apple of one’s eye 掌上明珠 呆若木鸡 as dull as a goose Once in a blue moon 千载难逢 冷若冰霜 as cool as a cucumber Black sheep 败家子；害群之马 胆小如鼠 as timid as a rabbit4.音译法例子：karaoke 卡拉ok 气功 qigong Guitar 吉他 太极 taiji Model 模特 功夫 kungfu Coffee 咖啡 狗不理 goubuli go believe Sofa 沙发 好利来 holiland5.音译意译结合法例子：KFC 肯德基（鸡）；开封菜 三、词法翻译• 1.对等译法 直接找到同原文对等的表达。
fish in troubled waters浑水摸鱼, turn up one’s nose at嗤之以鼻, turn a deaf ear to, 充耳不闻大惊小怪make a fuss about, 大惊小怪look before you leap三思而后行There is no smoke without fire无风不起浪, more haste, less speed, 欲速则不达east and west, home is best. 出门千里不如家里，金窝银窝不如家里的鸡窝• 2.具体译法抽象的词翻译为具体的词如class班级-全班同学、全班学生,family家庭-家庭成员、全家人, transportation运输-运输工具, keep quiet保持安静-噤若寒蝉, raise the roof 大吵大闹, oil and vinegar 截然不同等• 3.抽象译法具体的词翻译成抽象的词eat like a bird吃的极少，吃猫食,break the ice打破僵局, 4.增词译法如 after the football match, he’s got an important meeting. 在观看足球赛之后，他有一个重要会议参加。
5.省词译法如 He is a good friend that speaks well of us behind our backs. 在（我们）背后说我们好话的人，才是一个好朋友在背后说你好话的人，才是真朋友）• 6.合词译法如his father is a man who forgives and forgets. 他父亲非常宽容• 7.转性译法. 原译文之间词性转换如it was a very informative meeting. 会上透露了许多信息• 8.换形译法. 转换表达方式如 you think she will come if it is fine tomorrow, but I don’t think so. 你认为明天天好，她就会来，我觉得她不会来我不认为是这样）• 9.褒贬译法看具体语境将词翻译褒贬如 ambitious many people think that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our times. 很多人认为他是现今最有野心的政客之一Although he is very young, he is very ambitious in his research work.他虽然年轻，但在研究工作中很有雄心壮志。
课后练习：To make a long story short. 长话短说It is another story now. 另外一个问题 （ 一回事）He storied about his academic career and his professional career. 编造学历和工作经历I don’t buy your story. 不信你的话Once the story got abroad, I would never hear the last of it.事情一旦败露，我无法收场Of Studies 选段：Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际作业二。
句子的翻译一．普通句子的翻译1.换序译法 更换原文的词序，使得译文通顺如 even the wild animals of his homeland, it seemed to Kunta, had more dignity than these creatures. 昆塔觉得，即使他家乡的野兽也比这群人自尊自重即使他家乡的野兽，昆塔觉得，也比这些家伙有更多的尊严）2.断句译法长而复杂的句子，向适当断开翻译如 The shark swung over and the old man saw his eye was not alive and then he swung over once again, wrapping himself in two loops of the rope.鲨鱼在海里翻滚过来／老头儿看见它的眼珠已经没有生气了，但是它又翻滚了一下，滚得自己给绳子缠了两道3.转句译法原文词语具有丰富含义，需要译文转译成一个句子如 A crashing thunderstorm, with thick rain hissing down from skies black as night, stopped Victor Henry from leaving the White House. 轰隆几声雷响，从漆黑的天空哗啦啦下起大雨来。
维克多亨利无法离开白宫4.合句译法英语句子一般较长，汉语句子较短，所以汉译英时常把几个句子合起来译成一个英语句子如 贾琏见他去了，只得回来瞧凤姐／谁知凤姐已醒了，听他和鸳鸯借当As soon as she had gone Jia Lian went in to see Xifeng, who had woken up and heard him ask for a loan.5.缩句译法将原文的一个句子转换为译文句子的一个部分如 her father became the mayor of the city. He was a murderer in the Second World War. 她的父亲，二战中的一个杀人凶手，竟当上了这个城市的市长6.转态译法原译文的主被动语态进行转换如 she hadn’t been told Bette’s other name, or she’d forgotten it. 人家没告诉过她贝蒂姓什么，要不然也许是她忘了7.正反译法原文中的否定词译文翻译为肯定词，肯定词翻译为否定词，相反也可以这样如 we。