History-of-UK英国历史

History-of-UKHistory-of-UK英国历史英国历史 4. Anglo-Saxons (449 — 8th) 3. Romans (43 — 410) 2. Celts (8th BC — 1st) 1. Early Settlers ( — 3,000 BC ) 6. Normans (1066 ）） 5. Vikings (8th — 1066)？？Origin of the English NationOrigin of the English Nation1 19/6/20242 1. Early Settlers ( …… -3,000 BC )3,000 BCv Iberians古伊比利亚人古伊比利亚人 coming from Spain leaving Stonehenge9/6/20243Stonehenge and its Statue Stonehenge巨石阵巨石阵vcivilization of primitivesvworld heritage vbest preserved the megaliths in Europe 9/6/20244 2. Celts 凯尔特人凯尔特人(8th BC—1st) (P5) vCeltic Language: Welsh, GaelicvThe name of Britain from BritonsvAncestors of Scots, Irish, Welsh 9/6/20245Gaels盖尔人盖尔人Britons不列颠人不列颠人Belgae比利其人比利其人Scottish, Irish Gaelic盖尔语盖尔语 Celts800BC400BC150BC 2. Celts 凯尔特人凯尔特人(8th BC—1st)name of BritainShakespeare’s Cymbeline辛白林辛白林 Celts’ religion: DruidismCelts’ religion: Druidism督伊德教督伊德教督伊德教督伊德教9/6/202469/6/20247 3. Romans 3. Romans 罗马人罗马人罗马人罗马人 (43 —410 (43 —410) )British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. vIn 55 BC & 54BC, , the great Roman general, invaded twice.(hp3,P2)vIn 43, Emperor Claudius克劳迪亚斯克劳迪亚斯 had the final and successful Roman invasion.vRomans only occupied England, Wales.(p3,P5) vIn , the Roman conquest ended.Romans’ contributionRomans’ influence Julius Caesar4109/6/20248I came, I saw, I conquered.Julius Caesar尤利尤利乌乌斯斯.凯凯撒撒Hadrian’s Wall 哈德良长城哈德良长城9/6/202499/6/202410The Romans’ Contribution to BritainThe Romans’ Contribution to Britain1.The Romans brought “Christianity” to Britain and the language “Latin”.(hP2)2.The suffix “-caster” or “-chester”, in English place names, derives from “castra”, the Latin word for “camp”.(hP2)3. eg. Manchester, Rochester, Lancaster 4.3. They were marvelous at building roads. The roads were wide and straight. Even after 2000 ys, traces of these roads still remain in England and Wales.5.4. They made good use of Britain’s natural resources. They built baths, temples, and beautiful villas or large houses with heated floors, indoor plumbing水管设施水管设施, and beautiful mosaic floors.9/6/202411Why was the Roman influence so limited?1. They never settled in Britain in large numbers. They came to govern, to control, to trade, but not to settle. So they were too few to change the customs of the people.2. The Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. (The true slave society was introduced into England.) The Romans and the Britons never intermarried during the 4 centuries. 9/6/2024124. Anglo-Saxons 盎格鲁-撒克逊人(449-8th)vvAnglesAngles盎格盎格盎格盎格鲁鲁鲁鲁人人人人, , SaxonsSaxons撒克撒克撒克撒克逊逊逊逊人人人人, Jutes, Jutes朱特人朱特人朱特人朱特人, , Germanic/Teutonic Germanic/Teutonic日耳曼日耳曼日耳曼日耳曼 people, came from Denmark people, came from Denmark and north Germany. (hp1,and north Germany. (hp1,P3)P3)vvThe people of the 3 tribes were loosely called The people of the 3 tribes were loosely called Anglo-Saxons, later English.Anglo-Saxons, later English.vvThey occupied England and formed the basis of the They occupied England and formed the basis of the modern English race. modern English race. vvThey drove Celts to Wales, Scotland, Ireland.They drove Celts to Wales, Scotland, Ireland. vvKing Arthur was one of the Celtic leaders fighting King Arthur was one of the Celtic leaders fighting against Germanic peoplesagainst Germanic peoples (p4,5,P5;p1,2 P6)(p4,5,P5;p1,2 P6)vvLater the Anglo-Saxons formed 7 kingdoms, which Later the Anglo-Saxons formed 7 kingdoms, which is called Heptarchyis called Heptarchy['hept['heptɑ ɑ:k:kɪ ɪ] ]七王国七王国七王国七王国 9/6/2024134. Anglo-Saxons 盎格鲁-撒克逊人(449-8th)ContributionsContributions1.1.The dialects spoken by Anglo-Saxons grew into a single language, Anglo-The dialects spoken by Anglo-Saxons grew into a single language, Anglo-Saxon, which is now called old English, the basis of modern English. Saxon, which is now called old English, the basis of modern English. 2.2.English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon’s settlement in England. English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon’s settlement in England. The story, Beowulf[‘bєThe story, Beowulf[‘bєə əwulf]wulf]贝贝贝贝奥武夫奥武夫奥武夫奥武夫, was brought from their homeland. , was brought from their homeland. 3.3.The Anglo-Saxons brought with them their own Teutonic religion. The Anglo-Saxons brought with them their own Teutonic religion. 4.4. Among the Anglo-Saxon Gods were Tiu( Among the Anglo-Saxon Gods were Tiu(蒂蒂蒂蒂乌乌乌乌)(the god of war), )(the god of war), Woden(Woden(沃登沃登沃登沃登)(king of heaven), Thor()(king of heaven), Thor(托托托托尔尔尔尔)(the god of Storms), and Freya()(the god of Storms), and Freya(弗弗弗弗雷雷雷雷娅娅娅娅)(goddess of peace). )(goddess of peace). The names Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday derive from The names Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday derive from these gods.these gods. But later they were converted to Roman Christianity. St. Augustine But later they were converted to Roman Christianity. St. Augustine奥奥奥奥古斯汀古斯汀古斯汀古斯汀 was the first Archbishop was the first Archbishop大主教大主教大主教大主教 of Canterbury of Canterbury坎特伯雷坎特伯雷坎特伯雷坎特伯雷. .9/6/202414英语星期的由来vSunday：： Sunday在古英文中的意思是在古英文中的意思是sun's day(属于太阳的日子属于太阳的日子)。

对对基督徒而言基督徒而言, 星期日是「安息日星期日是「安息日」」, 因因为为耶耶稣稣复活的日子是在星期日复活的日子是在星期日约约在公元三百年左右在公元三百年左右, 欧洲教会和政府当局开始明欧洲教会和政府当局开始明订订星期日星期日为为休息的休息的日子日子, 直到今日直到今日, 世界上大多数的国家都以世界上大多数的国家都以Sunday为为星期例假日星期例假日 vMonday：： 根据西方根据西方传说传说, Monday的意思是的意思是moon day(属于月亮的日子属于月亮的日子), 因因为为西方人把西方人把这这一天献一天献给给月之女月之女神古时时候西方人相信候西方人相信, 月的盈月的盈亏亏会影响会影响农农作物的生作物的生长长, 也会影响医也会影响医疗疗此外, 尚有所尚有所谓谓的的Blue Monday Blue是「是「忧忧郁」的意思星期一是一周工作的开始郁」的意思星期一是一周工作的开始, 没得玩了没得玩了, 所以心情不好所以心情不好, 不少国家将星期一当作不少国家将星期一当作 family washday(家庭洗濯日家庭洗濯日), 那是由来已久的那是由来已久的习习俗 vTuesday：： Tuesday 是由古英文字是由古英文字Tiw演演变变来的。

来的Tiw是北欧神是北欧神话话里的里的战战神神, 正如同正如同罗马罗马神神话话里的里的战战神神Mars一一样样在北欧神在北欧神话话中不叫中不叫Tiw而叫而叫Tyr相传传在他的那个在他的那个时时代代, 有一狼精有一狼精经经常出来常出来扰扰乱世界乱世界, 为为了制服了制服狼精狼精, Tyr的一只手也被咬断了的一只手也被咬断了 vWednesday：： Wednesday在古英文中的意思是在古英文中的意思是Woden's dayWoden是北欧是北欧诸诸神之父为为制服狼精而制服狼精而牺牺牲自己一只手的牲自己一只手的Tyr, 就是他的儿子就是他的儿子Woden领导领导神族跟巨人族作神族跟巨人族作战战, 他曾他曾牺牺牲自己牲自己锐锐利的右眼利的右眼, 跟巨人跟巨人族族换换取「智能」的甘泉他也曾深入地取「智能」的甘泉他也曾深入地层层, 从巨人族那里从巨人族那里偷偷取「取「诗诗」的美酒西方人」的美酒西方人为为了追念了追念这这位主神位主神, 就就根据他的名字根据他的名字创创造了造了Wednesday这这个字 vThursday：： Thursday在古英文中意思是在古英文中意思是Thor's dayThor是北欧神是北欧神话话中的雷神中的雷神, 经经常常带带着一把大着一把大铁锤铁锤。

相相传传有一次有一次, 他的大他的大铁锤铁锤被一位叫被一位叫Thrym的巨人的巨人偷偷走了Thrym 扬扬言言, 除非神族答除非神族答应应把美把美丽丽的的爱爱神神Freya嫁嫁给给他做他做为为交交换换然而Freya抵死不从抵死不从, 于是神族想了一个于是神族想了一个办办法法, 由由Thor男扮女装穿男扮女装穿Freya的衣服的衣服, 假装嫁假装嫁给给他他, Thrym不疑有不疑有诈诈, 把把铁锤铁锤交交给给新娘于是新娘于是Thor抢抢回了自己的武器回了自己的武器, 也立即把也立即把Thrym 给杀给杀了 vFriday：： Friday在古英文中意思是在古英文中意思是Frigg's dayFrigg是北欧神是北欧神话话中主司婚姻和生育的女神中主司婚姻和生育的女神, 也是也是Woden的妻子相的妻子相传传她平日身披她平日身披闪闪耀白耀白长长袍袍, 住在水晶住在水晶宫宫中中, 和侍女和侍女们们一起一起编织编织五五颜颜六色的彩云六色的彩云 对对于北欧人而于北欧人而言言, 星期五是幸运的日子然而星期五是幸运的日子然而对对基督徒来基督徒来说说却是相反的却是相反的, 因因为为耶耶稣稣受受难难日正好是星期五。

日正好是星期五 vSaturday：： Saturday在古英文中的意思是在古英文中的意思是Saturn's daySaturn是是罗马罗马神神话话中的中的农农神神, 掌管五谷掌管五谷, 就像就像中国神中国神话话中的神中的神农农大帝一大帝一样样 9/6/2024155. Vikings 5. Vikings 维维维维京人京人京人京人; ; 北欧海盗北欧海盗北欧海盗北欧海盗 (8th—1066) (8th—1066)Viking raiders came from Scandinavia(斯堪的斯堪的纳维亚纳维亚) countries of northern Europe, Norway, Denmark and Sweden in particular.(p3,P6) In the process of resisting the Vikings, the 7 Anglo-Saxons kingdoms in England gradually became united and Alfred the Great became the king in 871.(hp2,P3) Alfred defeated them through many great battles. But he thought it impossible to drive all of them out of England, so he made an agreement with Vikings in 878. The Vikings kept the north and east of England, known as the “Danelaw”丹法国丹法国; while Alfred ruled the rest.Alfred recaptured London from the Vikings in 886. After Alfred, the power constantly shifted between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes. 9/6/2024165. Vikings 维维京人京人; 北欧海盗北欧海盗 (8th—1066)In 1042, the Anglo-Saxon Edward became the penultimate king of England. As a pious Christian, he was called Edward the confessor. Westminster Abbey was founded in 1065.(hP4)In Jan, 1066, Edward died without an heir. He recommended Harold, his brother-in-law, as his successor. This gave rise to great dispute.(hP4)9/6/202417Vikings invaded France and occupied the city of Paris in 845. They soon adopted the French language and customs. Their land took on the name Normandy and they themselves came to be called the Normans. (p4,P6) William, then Duke of Normandy, was Edward’s cousin. When he heard the news that Harold became the king of England, he was very angry. He thought he had the royal blood, he should be the only successor as the king of England. So this led to the Norman Conquest.On Oct 14, 1066, the two armies met near Hastings黑斯廷斯黑斯廷斯 in Southeastern England. At last, the Normans, armed with bows and arrows, defeated the Anglo-Saxons who fought with battle-axes.(hP14) On Christmas Day, 1066, Duke William was crowned in Westminster Abbey.(hP15)In 1067, he built Tower of London.Significance of the Norman Conquest6. Normans诺诺曼第人曼第人(1066)Duke William9/6/202418★9/6/202419It is the traditional place where English kings and queens are crowned. It is the traditional place where English kings and queens are crowned. It is also known for its Poets' Comer, burial ground for famous English It is also known for its Poets' Comer, burial ground for famous English poets with Chaucer (poets with Chaucer (The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales ) as the first occupant. ) as the first occupant.WESTMINSTER ABBEY西敏寺西敏寺9/6/202420The Tower of LondonThe Tower of London伦伦敦塔敦塔•The Tower of London was started building originally in 1066 by King William to demonstrate his power & to dominate the city of London. •He ordered this fort城堡城堡 to be a “symbol of his power, a fortress for his defense and a prison for his enemies”.9/6/202421Tower Bridge Tower Bridge 塔塔桥桥Tower Bridge,Tower Bridge, as an as an excellent piece of excellent piece of architecture, a busy highway architecture, a busy highway across the river Thames, across the river Thames, and a high-powered machine and a high-powered machine that can hoist up and allow that can hoist up and allow tall ships through, is also a tall ships through, is also a tourist attraction.tourist attraction.9/6/202422Significance of the Norman Conquest1. The Norman Conquest was the last invasion of England by foreigners. 2. A few thousand Norman aristocracies began to rule over Anglo-Saxons. Robin Hood(Pa5,P6) The feudal system in England was completely established. 3. French civilization imposed itself on the English people. The Normans continued to speak French for about 3 centuries.9/6/202423British history has been a history of invasion.British history has been a history of invasion.ContributionsContributionsStonehengeScottish and Irish race and cultureWelsh race and culture Latin alphabet and language; ChristianityEnglish race and languageSome peculiarities of dialect in North & East EnglandFinal unification of England; French civilizationInvadersInvadersIberiansCelts 1) Gaels 2) Britons 3) BelgaeRomansAnglo-SaxonsVikingsNormans 9/6/202424The Stories Of EnglishThe Stories Of EnglishOld English: 5th century to 1150, the language of Anglo-Saxons, Influenced by Old Norse,Latin and Greek words ,Danish wordsMiddle English (1150-1550): loaned a lot from French Modern English (1550-) dialect of London Samuel Johnson’s dictionary—standard form of spelling Renaissance—assimilated foreign words The Industrial Revolution—the introduction of new words for new things and ideasStandard English: Queen’s English / BBC English9/6/2024259/6/202426ppIberiansIberians ( ---3,000 BC ) ( ---3,000 BC ) ppCeltsCelts (8th BC---1 (8th BC---1stst) ) ppRomansRomans (43 —410) (43 —410)ppAnglo-SaxonsAnglo-Saxons (449-8th) (449-8th)ppVikingsVikings (8th—1066) (8th—1066) ppNormansNormans (1066--) (1066--)Origin of the English NationOrigin of the English Nation9/6/202427House of Normandy House of Plantagenet / House of AnjouHouse of TudorHouse of StuartHouse of HanoverHouse of Winsor9/6/202428House of Anjou/Plantagenet(1154 – 1485)House of Anjou/Plantagenet(1154 – 1485)Henry IIHenry II 1154 – 1189 reform of the courts and laws; Thomas Becket Richard I Richard I 1189 – 1199 Lionheart John I John I 1199 – 1216 lackland; Magna Carta-Great CharterHenry III Henry III 1216 – 1272 Great Council-ParliamentEdward I Edward I 1272 – 1307 Wales; Braveheart Edward II Edward II 1307 – 1327 1st English Prince of WalesEdward IIIEdward III1327-1377Hundred Years’ War started (1337-1453) Black Death 1348-49Richard II Richard II 1377 – 1399 time of ChaucerHenry IV Henry IV 1399-1413 Henry VHenry V 1413-1422 Henry VI Henry VI 1422 – 1461 War of the Roses started(1455-85);England lost France Edward IV Edward IV 1461-1483 Edward V Edward V 1483 Richard III Richard III 1483 - 1485 House of Normandy (1066 – 1135)(hP25)House of Normandy (1066 – 1135)(hP25)William I 1066-1087 ConquerorWilliam II 1087-1100 Henry I 1100-1135 reunite England & NormandyStephen 1135-1154Lancaster Rose York Rose9/6/202429Henry II (hP33) pHe was the founder of the House of Anjou安茹安茹/Plantagenet金雀花王朝金雀花王朝 and established The Angevin ['ænd3ivin] Empire.pHe is best remembered for his reform of the courts and the laws. He established English circuit court巡回法庭巡回法庭(hp4,P33), introduced the jury system陪陪审团制度制度(hp5,P33), and expanded common law习惯法法to cover all Englishmen(hp5,P34).pHe is also remembered for his quarrels with Thomas Becket. He wanted to reform not only the secular courts, but also the religious courts. So he appointed his chancellor and intimate friend Thomas Becket, to the highest church position in England, the Archbishop of Canterbury. However after Becket became archbishop, he was determined to uphold the rights and privileges of the church. So when Henry tried to change the religious law, Thomas Becket refused to agree. They quarreled for a long time. Later Becket was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral and buried there. Thomas Becket became revered as a holy person, and for centuries people traveled to visit his tomb. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales T.S.Eliot’s(1888-1965) Murder in the Cathedral Murder in the Cathedral (hP34-5)pDuring his long reign, Henry II established an effective instrument of royal government that continued to function under the absent King Richard and the incompetent King John.(hP35)Plantagenet 9/6/202430Magna Carta: Magna Carta: Great Charter Great Charter 大大大大宪宪宪宪章章章章lNo taxes should be made without the approval of the council(hp1,P50).lNo freeman should be arrested except by the law of the land(hp1,P50). vThe spirit of Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the law. The king was forced to observe the law. vIt’s regarded as the foundation of the British constitutionalism. On the 19th of June,1215, the king swore to observe the charters in Runnymede(伦尼米德尼米德)JohnJohn the lackland the lackland (1199 – 1216) (1199 – 1216) (p4,P37)(p4,P37)9/6/202431The Beginning of the English Parliament(hp7,P50) pOriginally, the Great Council议事会 consisted of a gathering of leading, wealthy barons(bp1,p37) and the senior clergy, who advised the king on major decisions of policy and taxation.pFrom 1236, the Great Council was widened to two houses, collectively called “Parliament” by Henry, that made him famous. - House of Lords: leading barons and senior clergy - House of Commons: representatives of communitiespThe Commons helped the King raise taxes and pass the laws, but in return they wanted an increasing say in what King was doing(p1,P38).Henry III (1216 – 1272)9/6/202432House of Tudor(1485 – 1603) House of Tudor(1485 – 1603) transitional stage from feudalism to capitalismHenry VII Henry VII 1485 – 1509 Renaissance started. War of the Roses ended with his marriage to Edward V’s sister. Henry VIII Henry VIII 1509 – 1547 Protestant Reformation-Church of EnglandEdward VI Edward VI 1547 – 1553Mary I Mary I 1553 – 1558 Bloody Mary Elizabeth I Elizabeth I 1558 - 1603 Golden Age House House of of StuartStuart斯图亚特王室斯图亚特王室斯图亚特王室斯图亚特王室 (1603 - 1714)James I James I 1603 – 1625 First King of Great Britain; King James Bible was completed.Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Day(Nov.5) (p3-5,P156; hP113); 1st English colony in AmericaCharles ICharles I 1625 – 1649 Civil War;Bourgeois/Puritan Revolution(p2,P38);He was executed. Monarchs could no longer rule with complete power.(hP122)The CommonwealthThe Commonwealth共和制共和制共和制共和制 (1649—1660) Oliver Cromwell Oliver Cromwell (p2,P37) Charles II Charles II 1660 – 1685 Restoration (hP115) Whig and Tory (hP115) James II James II 1685 – 1688 Glorious Revolution in 1688: bloodless(p3,P38; hP115)William III & Mary IIWilliam III & Mary II 1688 - 1694 Joint-monarchs (hP115); A Constitutional Monarchy;Roman Catholics excluded from successionAnne Anne 1702 – 1714 Acts of Union(1707):Parliament of Great Britain Bill of Rights(1689)created a constitutional monarchy.(hP115)King must consent the bills passed by parliament.Act of Settlement(1701) excluded Roman Catholics from succession.9/6/2024332024/9/634Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) (r1558-Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) (r1558-1603)1603)She led England during one of the most glorious periods in its history.|In domestic affairs, she proved to be a strong monarch who never let her advisers dominate her. She skillfully avoided conflicts over 2 troublesome issues: crown and parliament; puritans and Anglicans. |In foreign affairs, England solidified its rule in Ireland, which had already begun during her father’s time. She encouraged English people to settle there by granting land, position, and privileges which had been systematically taken away from the indigenous, Roman Catholic population. The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 marked the definitive emergence of England as a major European and world power. During her time, the establishment of colonies in American continent was under way.|In literature, the Elizabethan age proved to be a time of particular genius.Her reign was marked by prosperity and literary genius. 9/6/202434House of HanoverHouse of Hanover汉诺威王朝汉诺威王朝汉诺威王朝汉诺威王朝(1714-1901)(1714-1901)The Industrial Revolution1780~1830 Britain became Workshop of the World by 1830 Britain's imperial century1815–1914George IGeorge I 1714-1727 Cabinet system of government started.(P38)Prime Minister came into being.(P39);1st Prime Minister was Robert Walpole.(hp2,P128)Daniel Defoe1659-1731:Robinson Crusoe1719Jonathan Swift1667-1745:Gulliver’s Travels1726GeorgeIIGeorgeII 1727-1760 Seven Years’ War took place(1756-63).(hp3,P128)GeorgeIIIGeorgeIII 1761-1820 "farmer George".Enclosure Acts圈地法圈地法 were passed. American Independence War took place(1775-83).(hp2,P129)Great Britain and Ireland were united into a single nation(1801).(hp4,P129) Romantic Period1798-1832GeorgeIGeorgeIV V 1820-1830 Britain defeated Napoleon at Waterloo(1815).(hp3,P130)WilliamWilliamI IV V 1830-1837 He was known as the sailor king & silly Billy.(hp5,P130) VictoriaVictoria 1837-1901 Victorian age(hP151) :British Empire and British world power reached their highest point.A polite society was established.9/6/202435House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha萨克斯萨克斯.科堡科堡.哥德哥德(1837-1917)EdwardVEdwardVIIII 1901-1910 Peacemaker House of Windsor温莎温莎1917George VGeorge V 1910-1936 The house name changed to House of Windsor in 1917.Edward VEdward VIIIIII 1936 He abdicated to marry Simpson. George VGeorge VI I 1936-1952Elizabeth Elizabeth IIII 1952-9/6/202436结束！结束！。