Define the following terms:1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.3. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. .4. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.5. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.6. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.7. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.8. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.9. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.10. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.11. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.12. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds13. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.14. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker15. Duality: The duality nature of language means thaltanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.16. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication17. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language,18. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in linguistic communication.19. Langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all haveto follow; Langue is relatively stable,it does not changefrequently20. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.21. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.22. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.23. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.24. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.25. phonetics: Phonetics is definedas the study of thephonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages26. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er.27. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.528. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.529. phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.30. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.31. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.33. Morphol。