南昌航空大学硕士学位论文 摘 要 I摘 要 天然水体受到蓝藻水华的污染， 其中微囊藻毒素作为一种促癌因子和肝毒素已经对饮用水安全造成潜在危害世界卫生组织推荐的饮用水中藻毒素以 M C －L R 代表的标准值为 1 . 0 μg / L 近年来我国对水体微囊藻毒素的污染也很关注 在建立实验室微囊藻毒素的定量分析方法的基础上， 结合现场调查研究探讨赣江流域及鄱阳湖区域内微囊藻毒素季节性含量变化特征和区域分布 并采用常用混凝剂对微囊藻及藻毒素大分子进行混凝沉降；采用活性炭吸附、紫外光降解及氯化消除法对模拟水源水中微囊藻毒素进行去除， 优化各消除方法的实验条件及影响因素，并对相应方法的消除机理进行阐述 比较细胞超声粉碎和反复冻融法两种方法对水质样品前处理的差异， 并对处理条件进行最终优化 建立实验室培养铜绿微囊藻的方法， 优化培养方法和条件使用 E L I S A 分析方法对赣江流域水源水及鄱阳湖水域微囊藻毒素进行监测， 结果表明不同季节两个地域水样均检出微囊藻毒素，浓度普遍较低，个别采样点 M C浓度高于 1 . 0 p p b 。
混凝沉淀实验表明硫酸铝除藻效果优于三氯化铁和聚合氯化铝， 复合絮凝剂硫酸铝/ 壳聚糖的消除能力较好硫酸铝消除总 M C效率可以 7 9 . 1 ％，复合絮凝剂消除率略高，为 8 0 . 4 ％对铜绿微囊藻及毒素的总体上的脱除能力，按大小排序为：硫酸铝+ 壳聚糖＞硫酸铝＞三氯化铁＞聚合氯化铝＞壳聚糖 活性炭吸附结果表明，前 6 0 m i n 反应速率迅速增加，而后逐渐趋于稳定，结果用等温吸附线描述颗粒活性炭吸附能力随反应体系的温度上升而有所增加，颗粒活性炭吸附动力学满足准一级动力学方程，反映吸附能力的参数fKG A C ，2 5 ℃＜fKG A C ，3 5 ℃，粉末活性炭则相反，温度的增加不利于吸附 M C ，吸附能力参数吸附能力参数fKP A C ，2 5 ℃＞fKP A C ，3 5 ℃p H偏酸性有助于提高活性炭吸附 M C的效率，p H为3 、5 时，P A C 吸附去除率比较接近，半小时后趋于去除率最大，达到 9 8 ％以上 紫外光降解 M C 实验在均相反应体系中进行， 反应速率随时间的增加而升高另外，在偏碱性和中性的环境中有助于 U V 氧化降解 M C 的进行，p H 对 U V 光降解M C 动力学分析结果显示反应符合准一级动力学方程，并且 p H 由 3 . 0 变为 9 . 0 过程中降解藻毒素的表观速率常数由 0 . 0 0 2 5 5 m i n- 1增加到 0 . 0 0 6 1 2 1 m i n- 1。
反应主要依赖于OH•对微囊藻毒素共轭二烯双键和肽键进行加成反应， 从而消除 M C 的毒性 南昌航空大学硕士学位论文 摘 要 II次氯酸钠在水中产生多种氧化剂，氧化剂作用于微囊藻毒素反应中影响因素有反应接触时间、有效氯浓度、p H大小和毒素浓度实验结果证明，随着接触反应时间的增加，降解藻毒素速率很快达到最大，并逐渐趋于稳定反应体系的最佳 p H 条件在中性偏酸性环境 氯化过程主要是依靠有效氯与 A D D A 间隔二烯双键中共轭键的活性中心发生先加成后取代成羟基反应，从而消除 M C的原始毒性 本文为有效消除饮用水中的微囊藻毒素提供理论依据， 对饮用水的安全使用具有重要的意义 关键词：微囊藻毒素，混凝沉淀，活性炭吸附，紫外线降解，氯化消除 南昌航空大学硕士学位论文 摘 要 IIIAbstract Natural waters were polluted by blue alga bloom, microcystins was synthesized by several species of cyanobacteria, the toxins imposed a health risk to animals and human when surface water is used for drinking water. A provisional guideline value of 1.0µ g/L for m icrocystin- LR in drinking water has been issued by the WHO. The first ，building the methods of quantitative analysis for microcystins was one of aims in the paper. The second, water samples collected from Ganjiang river and Poyang lake district were determined, results consists of area distribution and seasonal characteristic of microcystins pollution. The third, experiments were operated using traditional water treatment methods including coagulation and flocculation, chlorination in order to remove the alga cell and toxins. Otherwise, activated carbon adsorption and ultraviolet degradation were used as well, the conditions of removal methods also had been optimized, and the effects were estimated. Kinetics of removal in these treatment and methods were particularly described. The cyanobacteria samples were employed in the experiments and cultivated in laboratory, optimizing cultivation methods and environmental condition. Cyanobacteria pretreatment employed two methods, ultrasonic bath, freeze- thawing methods, the effects of two treatments on microcystis releasing microcystins had been studied, and the results showed that the toxins were readily r eleased by the later treatment. Analyzing the contents of samples from Ganjiang and Poyang area, the results firstly showed the MC pollution distributions and characteristics in these areas, the results indicated that the source water of Ganjiang was positive. The concentration of MC in July was higher than others. Coagulation and flocculation experiments were performed using culture liquid to evaluate the influence of coagulants used in the experiments and coagulants doses added in the culture liquid (raw water) on the microcystins in the samples. Results illuminated that effects of aluminium sulphate were slightly higher than that of ferric chloride and polymerize aluminium chloride, removal ability of multiple coagulant chitosan/ aluminium sulphate was higher than others. Removal efficiencies for these processes from high to low is aluminium sulphate/chitosan＞aluminium sulphate＞ferric chloride＞polymerize aluminium chloride＞chitosan. 南昌航空大学硕士学位论文 摘 要 IV Powder and granular activated carbon were used in adsorption experiments, adsorption properties and effects on the microcystins were evaluated using kinetic and isotherm tests. Results showed that both contact time and pH effects simultaneously affect the adsorption processes. Reactivity velocity was higher in 60 min, when times went by, levels of reactivity were becoming equilibrium. Adsorption ability followed the sequence of fKGAC，25℃＜fKGAC，35℃，contrarily, adsorption ability of powder activated carbon decreased while increasing react temperature, adsorption parameter wasfKPAC，25℃＞fKPAC，35℃. Adsorption processes employed granular activated carbon accorded approximately with the pseudo- first- order kinetics, but PAC didn’ t obey this model. The adsorption of MC by activated carbon was found to increase upon lowering pH from 9.0 to 3.0. removal efficiency went to the peak of 98% in pH 3.0 environment after 30min。