表语（1）表语是用来说明主语的特征、状态等，补充说明主语的意义，因此，它也叫作主语补 语:在形式上，位于系动词后的就是表语从含义上讲，表语是回答主语“是什么”或“怎么样” 的语法成分即是指“是”字句“是”字后面的成分表语就是起表述作用的句子成分它修饰 的是主语表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的表语须和连系动词一 起构成句子的复合谓语表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、 从句来充当，它常位于连系动词（be, become, appear, seem等）之后，连系动词除了 be之外， 还有become （成为）、look （看起来）、turn （变成）、go （变成）、seem （似乎）、appear （似 乎、显得）、feel （摸起来）、sound （听起来）、smell （闻起来）等等可做表语的有：形容 词、代词、名词、分词、动名词、数词、介词短语或副词和从句一. 名词作表语Africa is a big continent.非洲是个大洲That remains a puzzle to me. 这对我还是个难题二. 代词作表语What’s your fax number?你的号是多少？Who's your best friend?你最好的朋友是谁？三. 形容词作表语:形容词作表语，含义是回答主语“怎么样”。
I feel much better today.我今天感觉好多了四. 数词作表语She was the first to learn about it.她是第一个知道的人五. 不定式或ing形式作表语：不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语，含义是回答主语“是什么”作表语的不定式短语通常是说明主语的内容，这时主语通常是如下名词：hope, idea, job, plan, wish, aim, purpose, thing, business不定式和动名词作表语虽都是用于回答主语“是什么”的，但二者仍有一些区别不定式 作表语强调的是一次性、具体的、将要发生的动作；动名词作表语强调的是一语法知识书籍 般性、抽象的、经常发生的动作The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.新技术的目的是使生活更便利，而不是更繁琐Her wish is to become a singer.她的愿望是当一名歌手Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.我们的计划就是在两星期内完成这项工作。
Her job is selling computers.她的工作是销售电脑Our next step was to get raw materials ready. 我们下一步是把原料准备好六. 介词短语作表语The patient is out of danger, 病人脱险了 I don’t feel at 我撼e到不自在七. 副词作表语The sun is up.太阳升起来了 I must be off now.现在我得走了八.从句作表语This is what he said.这就是他所说的话二）英语表语中一般与连系动词构成系表结构，常用的连系动词有：be（am/is/are;was/were）,look,feel,smell,sound,taste,seem ，go,appear,keep,remain,become,get,grow,turn等表语在句中的位置大致有两种：正常位置（位 于连系动词之后）和倒装位置（位于句首）1. 正常位置：在系表结构中表语放在连系动词之后eg:He became very interested in science.His face turned red. The rubbish dump smells terrible.2, 倒装位置：有时出于句法或修辞的要求而将表语提到句首。
主要有以下四种表语前置的情 况：（1） 在由what,how引导的感叹句中eg:What fun it is to jump in a pool or go swimming in a river in summer!（2） 在由as引导的让步状语从句中eg:Proud as these nobles are,he is afraid to see me.（3） 为了强调表语eg:In front of the house was a tall tree.4）为了使句子结构平衡，将较长的主语放在句末，而将较短的表语提到句首eg:Such would be our home in the future.找出下列句子的表语The war was over.They seem to know the truth.Time is precious.I’m not quite myself today.That remains a puzzle.I don’t feel at ease.状语修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成份叫状语一、 状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。
状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中1. 副词是一种用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点，程度，方式等概念副词一般在句子中做状语. He speaks English very well.他英语说得非常好.中的very是程度副词，用来修饰wellvery well是修饰speak的程度状语He is playing under the tree.他在树下玩儿.中的under the tree是地点状语.2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的状语 I come specially to see you.我专门来看你.3. 介词短语 Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian. The boy was praised for his bravery.4. 从句作状语 When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian. If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.5. 分词作状语 Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。
Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another状语位于句首：为了强调状语或者为了使它与上下文紧密衔接，通常把状语放于句首状语位于句中：(1)如果没有助动词，状语就位于动词前面(2) 如果动词前有一个或几个助动词，状语位于第一个助动词之后3) 如果动词是be，状语就放在b e动词之后二、 状语类型1. 时间状语，引导词有： when, while, as, until, whenever, since, after, before, by the time, hardly...when, no sooner...than, as soon as, directly, instantly, immediately, the moment, the instant,the minute, the first time.After taking my name and address, he asked me a lot ofquestions.2. 地点状语.At the airport, she saw her brother of I will go where I am most needed.3. 表达在某方面的状语,多置于句末和句首。
He is careful in his work. He is quick in action.4. 原因状语，引导词有：because, since, as, seeing that, considering that•… now thatShe did it out of her gratitude to him5. 结果状语.引导词有：so • "that…,such •••that…,so that.多由不定式、分词和 从句表示，常 位于句末For a long time, China has lacked adequate forests, causing many catastrophes.He is too young to go to school6. 目的状语.多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示，常位于句末，强调时也可置于句首引 导词有 :so that, in order that, for fear that, in case, lest.Hearing the alarm, he ran for shelter7. 条件状语.多由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。
引导词有：if,unless, so long as, in case, on condition that, supposing that, suppose that, provided that/providing thatIf you study hard, you will make great progressTurn to the right, you will find the place you are lookingfor.Supposing/suppose that we can ’ t get enough food, what shall we do?8. 让步状语.常由短语和从句表示，可置于句末和句首引导词有：although, though, even if, even though, while. as, whether •••or…,no matter+ 疑 问词和疑问句 + everEven if you work hard, you still can ’ t catch up with them in such a short time.While we don ’ t agree on the matter, we continue to be friends.（虽然）一般只可置于其所修饰的句子成分之前）9. 程度状语。
常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示单词多置于其所修饰的句子之前或之 后，短语和从句一般皆置于所修饰的句子成分之后，但有时也可置于所修饰的句子成分之 刖The lecture was not very interesting. （veryYou very much surprised me.使用工具等），常由副词短语、从句等表示as if /as though （好像）He fixed the door with a special tool.10. 方式状语（包括情况、手段、比较、引导词有：as（按照，依照；像，如；She looked with gr。