n段落汉译英翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等四级长度为140－160个汉字；六级长度为180－200个汉字分值比例分值比例：：15%15%考试时间考试时间：：3030分钟分钟翻译题型概述 大学英语四级考试新题型评分标准档次档次评评 分分 标标 准准13-1513-15分分译文准确表达了原文的意思用词贴切，行文流畅，译文准确表达了原文的意思用词贴切，行文流畅，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错10-1210-12分分译文基本上表达了原文的意思文字通顺、连贯，译文基本上表达了原文的意思文字通顺、连贯，无重大语言错误无重大语言错误7-97-9分分译文勉强表达了原文的意思用词欠准确，语言错译文勉强表达了原文的意思用词欠准确，语言错误相当多，其中有些是严重语言错误误相当多，其中有些是严重语言错误4-64-6分分译文仅表达了一小部分原文的意思用词不准确，译文仅表达了一小部分原文的意思用词不准确，有相当多的严重语言错误有相当多的严重语言错误1-31-3分分译文支离破碎除个别词语或句子，绝大部分文字译文支离破碎除个别词语或句子，绝大部分文字没有表达原文意思。
没有表达原文意思0 0分分未作答，或只有几个孤立的词，或译文与原文毫不未作答，或只有几个孤立的词，或译文与原文毫不相关 .英汉段落对比英汉段落对比 . 汉语段落可以包含一个或一个以上的主题；而英语段落一般只有一个主题，如往往有一个明显的主题句（主题句多置于句首），其他句子则层层展开，以支持主题句． n英语段落的结构：key sentence – example; space; contrast; cause and effectn汉语：主题句不明显，断尾可引出新主题n翻译策略：突出论点，减少迂回曲折汉英段落特点对比 汉英段落特点对比 北京工美集团（原北京市工艺美术品总公司）是以生产工艺美术品为主，融科研、生产、经营、教育与一体的多元化经济联合体 集团拥有工商企业50余家 Beijing Gongmei Group specializes mainly in arts and crafts. | It is an economic complex combining scientific research, production, marketing, education and publication.| Under the group are over 50 industrial and commercial enterprises. .n英语：重 代词、同义词、近义词、代替句型 的替代替代作用n汉语：相同词语的重复重复n翻译策略：少重复，多替代翻译策略：少重复，多替代n英语：按语法形式要求进行省略（所有格、形容词及介词等后面的名词；系动词后面的表语；主谓一致时的主语或谓语等）。
n汉语：按语境省略（主语、领属语、中心语、关联词、谓语皆可省略）n翻译策略：省略得当，句式简洁汉英段内连贯对比：替代和重复 .nHistories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.n读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辨汉英段内连贯对比:重复、替代与省略 n所以每每在大雪中的黄昏里，围着暖炉，围着祖父，听着祖父读着诗篇，看着祖父读着诗篇时微红的嘴唇nOn snowy evenings, we children often sat around the heating stove by grandpa, listening to him reading poems and watching his busy ruddy lips. 汉英段内连贯对比:重复、替代与省略 .n衔接手段：逻辑关系、时间关系、空间关系n翻译策略：添加连接词，增强连贯性。
汉英段内衔接手段 .n1. 先后或列举：first, second…; in the second place; nest/then; for one thing…for another…; furthermore/moreover/in addition/ besides;finally/last; and等n2. 因果：consequently/ as a result/ hence/ accordingly/ thus/so/therefore; because/since/for等n3.特例或举例：in particular; specifically; for instance/ for example; that is /namely等n4. 引出结论：in conclusion/finally/all in all/ to sum up；evidently/ clearly/ actually; of course等n5. But/however/yet/nevertheless; on the contrary; on the other hand; neither…nor等。
逻辑关系 .n1. 表示频率：frequently/often; occasionally/ now and then; day after day; again and again等n2. 表示阶段：during; briefly; for a long time; for many years等n3. 表某一时刻：then/ at that time/ in those days; last Sunday; next Christmas; in 2005; at the beginning go Sep; at six o’clock; two months ago等n4. 表示开端：at first/ in the beginning; before then; in the preceding weeks等n5. 表示其间：in the meantime/ while this was going on/ meanwhile/ as it was happening/ at the same time/ simultaneously等n6. 表示结束：eventually/ finally/ at last/ in the end 等。
时间关系 .n1. 表示近：close to/near; next to/ alongside / adjacent to; facing等n2. 表示远：in the distance/ far/ beyond/ away/ on the far side; there等n3. 表示方向：up; down; forward(s); backward(s); sideways; along; across; to the left/right; in front of/ behind; above/ below; inside/outside等空间关系 .翻译翻译三部曲三部曲 .n1. 通读并透彻理解原文汉语句子，确定语法成分和句型n中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期特别流行n译文：Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing dynasties. .n2. 付诸笔墨，保证拼写无误n人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。
n译文1：People often make their home beautifl with paper cuttings.n译文2：People often beautify their home with paper cuttings. .n3. 重新审视，确认句法合理n重点检查时态、语态、单复数、拼写、大小写、标点符号、冠词和代词的使用以及主谓一致等问题 .翻译技巧翻译技巧 .n恰当选词 （避免过于笼统，选表达更确切的词）n中英文句式之间的对应和转换n语态之间的转换e.g. 通常中文中的主语过于宽泛的时候，如“人们”、“别人”、“这”等，可以转化成英文的被动语态，省略原来的主语原文：现在人们必须采取措施来保护环境译文：Measures should be adopted/taken to protect the environment. .n词性的转换n1）名词转换成动词n例如：改革开放政策受到了全国人民的拥护n译文：The reform and opening-up policy is supported by the whole Chinese people. n2) 动词转化成名词n例如：他善于观察n译文： He is a good observer. .3) 形容词转换成名词例如： 在这紧张的时刻，他感到非常害怕。
译文：The intensity of the moment filled his mind with fear. .段落翻译的基本原则和技巧段落翻译的基本原则和技巧n译者首先进行段落大意分析译者首先进行段落大意分析>>>再进行句再进行句群分析，句子分析群分析，句子分析>>>最后以句子为单位最后以句子为单位进行翻译进行翻译n译者要关注的还是句子内部的调整、句译者要关注的还是句子内部的调整、句子层次意义的译文重组子层次意义的译文重组n段落翻译的焦点仍是句子翻译，这个过段落翻译的焦点仍是句子翻译，这个过程中，译者要注重句际关系的分析，从程中，译者要注重句际关系的分析，从段落的视野把握每个句子的处理方式段落的视野把握每个句子的处理方式 .练习练习1n狮舞（Lion Dance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类 .译文译文nThe Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China. The lion is the king of animals. In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck. Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans. .n据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。
在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室因此，舞狮成为元宵节（the Lantern Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福 .nThe dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years. During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty. Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness. .练习练习2n中国将进一步发展经济、扩大开放，这对海外企业（enterprises）意味着更多的商机改革开放以来， 中国企业与海外企业一直积极开展经济技术合作，并取得了巨大成就。
.nChina will develop its economy further and open itself wider to the outside world, which offers more business opportunities to overseas enterprises. Since China’s reform and opening up, Chinese enterprises have been cooperating with overseas enterprises in terms of economy and technology, and have scored great achievement. .n海外企业不仅帮助了中国企业的成长，而且也在合作中获得了收益中国政府将继续提供有利的政策和条件，推动中国企业与国外企业进一步开展合作 .nOverseas enterprises have not only helped Chinese enterprises with their growth, but also benefited from the cooperation. Chinese government will continue to offer favorable policies and conditions to promote the further cooperation between Chinese and overseas enterprises. .核心考点核心考点 .n1 语法考点语法考点 虚拟语气虚拟语气 倒装倒装 从句从句 非谓语动词非谓语动词 2 词组词汇考点词组词汇考点 重复的高频词组重复的高频词组 . 一、一、 虚拟语气虚拟语气虚拟语气的考点可以归纳如下：虚拟语气的考点可以归纳如下：n 1. (should)+动词原形的情形n 2. if或but for等引导的条件句n 3. wish, if only, it is time…的用法 . (should)+动词原形的情形动词原形的情形 Sb. suggest that one (should) do sth.n建议建议 suggest advise, proposen要求要求 require, request, desiren命令命令 demand, order, commandn其他其他 recommend, insist, prefer注：不用背，只要看到知道后面用虚拟。
注：不用背，只要看到知道后面用虚拟 . 真题重现n 【CET-4:2006.6】The professor required that __________________(我们交研究报告)参考答案：we hand in our research report(s) .It is + adj. /Ved+ that sb. should do sthVed: 就是前面罗列的四类动词的过去式也用虚拟adj: 好 reasonable, rational, wise, desirable, fair, natural 重要 important, vital, crucial, urgent, essential . 真题重现nIt was essential that ____________(我们在月底前签订合同).参考答案：we sign the contract by the end of the month .if或或but for等引导的条件句等引导的条件句 .if引导虚拟条件句的用法引导虚拟条件句的用法 条件从句 结果主句 与现在事实相反 动词过去式(be动词用were) would+动词原形 与过去事实相反 had+过去分词(had done) would have done 与将来事实相反 一般过去时/were+不定式/should+动词原形 would(should)+动词原形 .nbut for=if it were not for…/if it had not been for…nBut for your help they would not have fulfilled the task in time.n如果没有你的帮助，他们不可能按时完成任务。
. 真题重现n【CET-4:2006.12】The victim --------------------(本来会有机会活下来)if he had been taken to hospital in time. n参考答案：would have survivedn【CET-4:2007.12】But for mobile phone, ＿＿＿ ____________（我们的通讯就不可能如此迅速和方便)n参考答案：our communication would not be so efficient and convenient.n【CET-6:2007.1】If you had ___________________(听从了我的忠告， 你就不会陷入麻烦). n参考答案：followed my advice/suggestion, you would not have been in trouble. .It is (high, about) time that one did… 此句型要求用虚拟语气此句型要求用虚拟语气n谓语动词用过去式，指现在或将来的情况，表示“早该干某事而已经有些晚了”nIt’s time_____________________(采取措施) about the traffic problem downtown.nsomething was done/some measures were taken . 二二 从句从句n从句的内容非常庞杂，该专题主要讲解在翻译题可能考察的名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句等。
.四级四级08年年12月月88题题 主语从主语从句句n88. ________ （大多数父母所关心的）is providing the best education possible for their children. n参考答案：What most parents care about / are concerned about或The concern of most parents .四级四级08年年12月月87题题 定语从定语从句句n87. Medical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems___（他们至今还没有答案）. n参考答案：which/that they haven’t found answers to .n【CET-4：2007.6】The prevent and treatment of AIDS is ________________________ (我们可以合作的领域).n参考答案：a field where(in which) we can cooperate. .四级四级08年年12月月89题题 状语从状语从句句n89. You’d better take a sweater with you __________（以防天气变冷）. n参考答案：in case it turns/should turn cold或lest it should turn cold .真题重现真题重现n【CET-4：2007.12】 I am going to pursue this course, __＿＿＿__(无论我要作出什么样的牺牲)。
n参考答案：no matter what kind of sacrifice I have to maken【CET-4：2006.12】Some psychologists claim that people_＿＿＿_(出门在外时可能会感到孤独)n参考答案：may feel lonely when they are away from home .【CET-4：2007.12】Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life ____________(是用他们能够借到多少来衡量的), not how much they can earn.n参考答案：is measured by how much they can loan .表语从句表语从句n【CET-4：2007.12】In my sixties, one change I notice is that _____(我比以前更容易累了)n参考答案：I am more likely to get tired than before . 三三 倒装倒装n1．当．当“only+状语状语”位于句首表示强调位于句首表示强调时用倒装时用倒装n【CET-6：2007.6】Only in the small town_________. (他才感到安全和放松)n参考答案：does she feel secure and relaxed .2. never等具有否定意义的词或词组居于句等具有否定意义的词或词组居于句首时用倒装。
首时用倒装n这类词或词组常用的有：never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, not until, by no means, under no circumstances, under no condition, in no way(决不), in no case(决不), neither …(nor), no sooner…(than), hardly…(when), barely(仅仅，几乎不), on no account, in no circumstances(决不), not a bit, nowhere, not only…but also等 .n【2007.12】 The witness was told that under no circumstances_＿＿＿.(他都不应该对法庭说谎)n参考答案：should he lie to the court.n【2007.1】 ＿＿_(直到截止日他才寄出) his application form. n参考答案Not until the deadline did he send (out) .3．．the more…, the more结构中的倒装。
结构中的倒装n【CET-4：2006.6】90. The more you explain, _________________(我愈糊涂). n参考答案：the more confused I am .四级四级08年年12月月91题题n91. The anti-virus agent was not known ______________________ （直到一名医生偶然发现了它）. n参考答案：until it was accidentally found/discovered by a doctor n语法:如果not until不放句首则不倒装,切记! 词汇:“偶然” by accident/chance 或accidentally . 四、非谓语动词四、非谓语动词非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词 非谓语动词的考点主要有：非谓语动词的考点主要有：1．英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可．英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求： 1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语下面的动词要求不定式做宾语nattempt企图mean意欲，打算determine决定pretend假装 decide决定hesitate犹豫 hope希望 intend想要 refuse拒绝decide决定等 .真题重现真题重现n【CET-4：2007.6】Because of the leg injury, the athlete ＿＿ (决定退出比赛).n参考答案：decided to quit the match.n【CET-6：2007.12】The Foreign Minister said he was resigning, ___＿＿＿_.(但他拒绝进一步解释这样做的原因)n参考答案：while he refused to further explain why./while he refused to make further explanation for doing so. .2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾宾语语+动词不定式动词不定式nenable使能够 ask要求，allow允许 force强迫 press迫使 inspire鼓舞 request请求 help帮助 invite吸引，邀请encourage鼓励 等 .真题重现真题重现n【CET-4：2006.12】Specialists in intercultural studies says that it is not easy to ＿ ＿ ＿ (适应不同文化中的生活)n参考答案：adapt oneself to life in different cultures.n【CET-6：2007.1】After the terrorist attack, tourists （被劝告暂时不要去该国旅游）.n参考答案：were advised/suggested not to go to that country as their tourism destination for the present. .3)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语ndislike不喜欢，讨厌appreciate 感激，欣赏avoid避免 enjoy享有，喜爱can’t help不 禁 escape逃跑，逃避can’t stand受不了 deny否认 mind 介意 finish完成，结束不得 postpone延迟，延期hate讨厌等nI appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.n我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。
. 五五 形容词的比较级和最高级形容词的比较级和最高级 真题重现真题重现n【CET-4：2006.12】Since my childhood I have fond that _(没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力)n参考答案：nothing is more attractive to me than readingn【CET-6：2007.12】 In handling an embarrassing situation, .(没有什么比幽默感更有帮助的了)n参考答案：nothing is more helpful than a sense of humor .六六 动词的时态与语态动词的时态与语态n【CET-4：2006.6】Though a skilled worker, ________________________（他被公司解雇了）last week because of the economic crisis.n参考答案：he was fired by the companyn主要考察基本语法知识点即被动语态的用法 .固定搭配考点：n这是翻译中的最为核心的考点。
比如说这是翻译中的最为核心的考点比如说名词与动词搭配，形容词与名词搭配，名词与动词搭配，形容词与名词搭配，动词与副词的修饰关系，名词与介词搭动词与副词的修饰关系，名词与介词搭配，更为重要的是常见的固定词组以及配，更为重要的是常见的固定词组以及固定表达固定表达 .n例例 By contrast, American mothers were more likely__________________ (把孩子的成功归把孩子的成功归因于因于) natural talent.n to attribute their children’s success ton n 动词词组，表示因果关系的 动词词组，表示因果关系的attribute… to…另外，还要学会使用拼写类似的词组另外，还要学会使用拼写类似的词组contribute to，表示，表示“有助于，对有助于，对…做出贡献做出贡献” nMore examples：：n1．I have had great deal of trouble______________________________.(跟得上班上的其他同学) n2．___________(我们没有人料到主席会出现) at the party. We thought he was still in hospital.n3. _____________________(正是由于她太没有经验) that she does not know how to deal with the situation.n 4. Charity groups organized various activities to __________(为地震幸存者筹款).n5. It’s my mother __________(一直在鼓励我不要灰心) when I have difficulties in my studies. .n1. keeping up with the rest of the class.n2. none of us expected the chairman to turn upn3. it is because she is too inexperiencedn4. raise money for the earthquake survivorsn5. that/who keeps encouraging me not to lose heart/give up. n6．Over a third of the population was estimated_________(无法获得) to the health service.n7. Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used______________(习惯了学生迟到) his lecture.n8. The price of beer____________(从50美分到4美元不等) per liter during the summer season.n9.We’d like __________________(预订一张餐桌) five for dinner this evening.n10. There’s a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means____________(想找麻烦). .n6. to have no accessn7. to students’ being late forn8. ranges/varies from 50 cents to 4 dollarsn9. to reserve a table forn10. to make trouble n11. The publishing house has to___________(考虑这部小说的受欢迎程度).n12. It is absolutely wrong to __________________(仅仅以金钱来定义幸福).n13.Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was_______________(忙着准备) her examination.n14. The ship’s generator broke down and the pumps____________________(不得不用手工操作) instead of mechanically.n15. John rescued the drowning child _________ (冒着自己生命危险). .n11. consider the popularity of the novel/take the popularity of the novel into accountn12. define happiness only/merely by moneyn13. busy preparing forn14. had to be operated manuallyn15. at the risk/expense of his own life. n16_____________(为了确保他参加会议), I called him up in advance.n17. The magnificent museum _________(据说建成于) about a hundred years ago.n18. There would be no life on earth ________________(没有地球独特的环境).n19. _____________(给游客印象最深的) was the friendliness and warmth of the local people.n20. They requested that __________________________(我借的书还回图书馆) by next Friday. .n16. In order to ensure him to attend the meeting/To ensure his attendance at the meetingn17. is said to have been builtn18. without its unique environmentn19. What impressed the tourists mostn20. books I borrowed (should) be returned to the library .THANK YOU !! 。