高考英语语法专题复习(一)-名词名词的分类专有名词:指某人,某地,某机构等专有的名称,其首字母要大写如HongKong, China,Bill Clinton,Red Cross 个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如 student,book 名普可数名词词通集体名词:表示若干个体组成的集合体,如:family,school, group, people 名词不可数名词物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:cotton,air,tea 抽象名词:表示抽象概念,如 :work ,happiness,news 2名词的复数可数名词有单、复数形式,其复数的构成规则如下:1)绝大多数在词尾加s如: book,books;bag,bags;cup,cups;face,faces. 2)以 ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的名词加es如: watch,watches;brush,brushes;hero,heroes;class,classes; 下列以 o 结尾的词加s 构成复数: piano , photo ,radio ,zoo, bamboo ,kilo 3)以辅音字母y 结尾的名词,将y 改为 i ,再加 es。
例如:baby,babies;family,families; 以元音字母y 结尾的名词,直接加s例如: boy,boys;key,keys 4)以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词, 先将 f 或 fe 改为 v, 再加 es 构成复数形式, 如: leaf,leaves; wife,wives.但有些以f 结尾的名词,是在f 后加 s 构成复数,常见的有: roof,chief,belief,gulf等个别的两种方式都可以,如:handkerchief,s,handkerchieves 5)少数名词的复数形式是不规则的,要一一背记: manmen; womanwomen; Englishman Englishmen;footfeet; toothteeth; childchildren; mousemice 少数名词的单、 复数形式相同, 如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish,means(注: fishes表不同种类的鱼) 6)复合名词:A.含 man或 woman的复合名词,两部分都变为复数形式如:two men teachers, four women doctors B.将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式,如: lookers-on旁观者, editors-in-chief总编辑 , passers-by过路人 C.如果没有主体名词,就在词尾后加s。
如: grown-ups 成年人, go-betweens 中间人7)以复数形式出现的名词:trousers,glasses眼镜, scales天平, savings储蓄, findings 调查结果, doings行为, surroundings环境, arms 武器, fireworks 烟火, remains 残余, thanks 感谢, riches财富, ashes 灰烬,stairs 楼梯 8)有些名词在一定的词组中要用复数形式例如: take pains下功夫 ,made preparations作准备, give regards to 问候2. 名词的所有格1)名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词其构成多在词尾加上“s”, 如:Tom s bike,Marx s works以 s 结尾的专有名词, 在词尾后加 “”或 “s” 如:Engels/Engels s works以 s 结尾的复数名词,只在词尾加 “” 如:stude nts homework,a workers night school 一所工人夜校, 不以 s 结尾的复数名词,仍在词尾加 “s”如:men s clothes男士衣服children s books 儿童读物2)如果一个事物为两个人共有,只在后一个名词的词尾加“s”,如果不是共有,就要在两个名词的词尾分别加上“s”。
例如: Tom and Mikes room汤姆和迈克合住的房间Tom s and Mike s rooms汤姆、迈克各自的房间3)表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格后省去shop,house 等名词如:the tailors 裁缝店, the barber s理发店, go to the doctors 上诊所, at my uncles 在我叔叔家4)表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词,可以在词尾加“s”或“”来表示所有格如: today s newspaper,half an hours rest,two weeks work,ten minuteswalk,China s population,Shanghais industry5)表示无生命的名词一般用of 短语表示所有关系如:the students of their school, the teachers of Grade 2 6)表示所属物的名词前如果有不定冠词、数词、不定代词,常用“of 所有格”来表示所属关系例如:He is an old friend of my fathers. This is a picture of Marys.考点分析1 He gained his _by printing _of famous writers A.wealth; work B.wealths; works C.weaths;work D.wealth ;works 析:此题答案D。
因为 wealth 是不可数名词故可排除B、C 两个选项 ;work 既可作不可数名词表“工作”意,又可作可数名词表“作品”意,常用复数形式根据题目意思,此处 work 应作可数名词用,于是又可排除A 2.Many people agree that_ knowledge of English is a must in _ international trade today. A.a; B.the ; an C.the ;the D.;the 析: knowledge 是抽象名词,一般不与不定冠词连用,但指具体“一门学问”或“一门学问的掌握了解”可与不定冠词连用,这可称之为抽象名词具体化类例如:a strong character 坚强的性格; a bright future 光明前途; a waste of time 浪费时间; a pressure on sb. 对某人的压力;have a good time 玩得痛快; He is a failure /a success as a leader 他当领导不行 / 很出色 抽象名词不与冠词连用是泛指一般概念、意义 如:what fun! fine weather ;common knowledge 常识; Knowledge begins with practice.foreign trade.因此 international trade前不用冠词。
由以上两点可确定答案为A3.Oh, John _you gave us ! A.How a great surprise B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D.What pleasant surprise 析:正确答案为C a/an 形容词抽象名词”是抽象名词具体化的常见形式又如:an advanced culture 一种先进文化; a great interest 极大的兴趣; do him a good kindness帮了他一个大忙 4. She broke a _ while she was washing up . A.glass wine B.wine glass C.wines glass D.glass of wine 析:根据 broke 一词及四个选项,可确定空白处应选“酒杯” 故可排除A、D;C 不是表达 “酒杯”的正确形式, 只有 B 才是正确答案 英语中用名词作定语修饰名词的情况很多,这些作定语用的名词可表分类意义表时间、地点、称呼表目的、手段、原料、来源、所属等意义例: woman driver ,telephone number ,school education ,research work ,coffee cup ,English teacher ,air pollution 例: book store ,winter sleep ,country life ,college student ,South China 例: milk bottle ,steam boat ,goat skin ,stone wall ,gas station ,lunch room ,tooth brush 5._terrible weather weve been having these days! A.What B.What a C.How D.How a 析:这是一个感叹句,how修饰形容词,副词或动词,what 修饰名词。
weather 是不可数名词,其前不可加不定冠词a因此这题正确答案是A6.Shortly after the accident ,two _police were sent to the spot to keep order . A.dozens of B.dozens C.dozens of D.dozen析:正确答案是Ddozen, score ,hundred, thousand ,million等名词前面有数词或 many ,several等词,且表示具体数目时,这些名词一般不用复数形式,但在下列短语中却加 S,并与 of 连用 :dozens of (许多的 ) ,scores of (好几十的 ) ,hundreds of (成百的) ,thousands of (上千的 ) ,millions of (数百万的)7.I ll look into the matter as soon as possible .Just have a little _. A.wait B.time C.patience D.rest 析: 由题干第一句意“我会尽快调查那件事”,可知下句是要对方不要着急,故答案应为 C。
这是由情景,语境确定答案题目8.If by any chance someone comes to see me ,ask them to leave a _. A.message B.letter C.sentence D.notice 析:答案为A 道理同第7 题专题练习1._from Beijing to London! A.How long way it is B.What a long way is it C.How long way is it D.What a long way it is 2.We ve worked out the plan ,and now we must put it into_. A.fact B.practice C.reality D.deed 3.Electrcity , like other forms of _ ,has greatly increased in price. A.pressure B.force C.strength D.energy 4That fellow is clever ; he has _. A.brain B.a brain C.the brain D.brains 5.Julie went to the _ to buy a pair of shoes. A.shoes store B.shoes store C.shoe store D.shoes st。