GlobalizationsDualPower实用教案

Major￿points•Globalization￿is￿a￿double-edged￿sword.•The￿daunting￿question￿of￿the￿21st.￿century￿is￿to￿see￿which￿will￿prevail.第1页/共102页第一页，共103页Minor￿points•It￿raises￿economic￿growth,￿spreads￿new￿technology￿and￿raises￿living￿standards.•It￿assaults￿national￿sovereignty,￿erodes￿local￿culture￿and￿tradition￿and￿threatens￿economic￿and￿social￿instability.第2页/共102页第二页，共103页Minor￿point￿(1)•In￿some￿respects,￿￿￿￿globalization￿is￿merely￿￿￿￿a￿trendy￿word￿for￿an￿old￿￿￿￿￿process.第3页/共102页第三页，共103页Minor￿point￿(2)•Globalization￿is￿different￿from￿traditional￿market￿expansion￿in￿that￿in￿the￿condition￿of￿globalization,￿companies￿and￿financial￿markets￿disregard￿national￿borders.第4页/共102页第四页，共103页。

Facts￿supporting￿it•A.￿Private￿capital￿flows￿increase￿enormously.￿(Comp.￿1990)•B.￿International￿acquisitions￿and￿mergers￿increase￿develops￿quickly.•C.￿More￿and￿more￿people￿believe￿that￿many￿markets￿have￿become￿global.•D.￿Companies￿increasingly￿organize￿production￿globally.•E.￿Governments￿also￿seek￿bigger￿sales￿and￿profits.第5页/共102页第五页，共103页Minor￿point￿(3)•Global￿economy￿is￿more￿prone￿to￿instability.￿•Example:￿Asian￿financial￿crisis￿第6页/共102页第六页，共103页Minor￿point￿(4)•Globalization￿will￿cause￿political,￿cultural￿and￿social￿problems.￿•Example:￿protesters￿at￿the￿Seattle￿meeting￿of￿WTO￿in￿Dec.,￿1999￿第7页/共102页第七页，共103页。

Linguistic￿Analysis•short￿paragraphs,￿professional￿analysis￿•The￿article￿is￿illustrated￿through:•contrast￿•￿examples•￿data￿(for￿professional￿analysis)•parallelism第8页/共102页第八页，共103页dual￿adj.•dual￿role/purpose/function•dual￿nationality/citizenship•a￿dual-purpose￿(adj.)￿vehicle•duality:￿the￿state￿of￿having￿two￿parts￿or￿aspects•dualism:￿￿philosophy￿the￿theory￿that￿there￿are￿two￿opposite￿principles￿in￿everything•二元论•￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿Com:￿￿pluralism￿第9页/共102页第九页，共103页at￿the￿edge￿of•=on￿the￿edge￿of,￿on￿the￿verge￿of￿•close￿to￿the￿point￿at￿which￿something￿different,￿especially￿something￿bad,￿will￿happen￿•on￿the￿edge￿of￿collapse•on￿the￿edge￿of￿despair•on￿the￿edge￿of￿despair•on￿the￿edge￿of￿the￿bed第10页/共102页第十页，共103页。

edge￿n.•=advantage•Companies￿are￿employing￿more￿research￿teams￿to￿get￿an￿edge.•to￿have￿the￿edge￿over￿sb.•The￿next￿version￿of￿the￿software￿will￿have￿the￿edge￿over￿its￿competitors.第11页/共102页第十一页，共103页vehicle￿n.•fml.￿something￿you￿use￿to￿express￿and￿spread￿your￿ideas,￿opinions￿etc￿￿=medium￿第12页/共102页第十二页，共103页alike￿adv.•1.￿used￿to￿emphasize￿that￿you￿mean￿both￿the￿people,￿groups,￿or￿things￿that￿you￿have￿just￿mentioned￿•2.￿in￿a￿similar￿way第13页/共102页第十三页，共103页controversy￿n.•a￿serious￿argument￿about￿something￿that￿involves￿many￿people￿and￿continues￿for￿a￿long￿time•a￿political￿controversy•the￿controversy￿surrounding￿Skinner's￿theories￿•cause/provoke/arouse￿controversy￿•The￿judges'￿decision￿provoked￿controversy.•controversy￿over/about•Controversy￿arose￿(=began)￿over￿the￿use￿of￿the￿chemicals￿on￿fruit￿and￿vegetables.第14页/共102页第十四页，共103页。

to￿assault•to￿attack￿someone￿in￿a￿violent￿way•Two￿men￿assaulted￿him￿after￿he￿left￿the￿bar.•￿￿￿It￿seems￿as￿though￿we￿have￿conquered￿the￿traditional￿infectious￿diseases￿only￿to￿be￿assaulted￿by￿new￿ones.第15页/共102页第十五页，共103页to￿erode•￿to￿gradually￿reduce￿something￿such￿as￿someone's￿power￿or￿confidence￿Our￿personal￿freedom￿is￿being￿gradually￿eroded￿away.￿•Repeated￿exam￿failure￿had￿eroded￿her￿confidence.第16页/共102页第十六页，共103页instability￿n.•instability￿≠￿stability•stable￿≠￿unstable第17页/共102页第十七页，共103页daunting￿adj.•frightening￿in￿a￿way￿that￿makes￿you￿feel￿less￿confident;￿intimidating;￿disheartening;￿discouraging•The￿trip￿seemed￿rather￿daunting￿for￿a￿young￿girl.•￿￿￿I￿was￿faced￿with￿the￿daunting￿task￿of￿learning￿the￿whole￿script￿in￿24￿hours.第18页/共102页第十八页，共103页。

dauntless￿adj.•confident￿and￿not￿easily￿frightened•dauntless￿optimism￿/￿courage第19页/共102页第十九页，共103页upheaval￿n.•￿a￿very￿big￿change￿that￿often￿causes￿problems•Moving￿to￿a￿different￿school￿can￿be￿a￿big￿upheaval￿for￿young￿children.•The￿company￿managed￿to￿survive￿the￿economic￿upheavals￿of￿the￿last￿20￿years.第20页/共102页第二十页，共103页trendy￿adj.•￿influenced￿by￿the￿most￿fashionable￿styles￿and￿ideas￿￿--trend￿(n.)•a￿trendy￿Bay￿Area￿restaurant•￿￿￿Delgado￿predicts￿that￿blonde￿hair￿will￿become￿trendy￿this￿summer.•She￿only￿talks￿like￿that￿because￿she￿wants￿to￿sound￿trendy.第21页/共102页第二十一页，共103页。

to￿retard￿•fml.￿to￿delay￿the￿development￿of￿something,￿or￿to￿make￿something￿happen￿more￿slowly￿than￿expected￿￿•=slow￿down•Cold￿weather￿retards￿the￿growth￿of￿many￿plants.•￿￿￿Even￿in￿small￿amounts,￿lead￿can￿retard￿development￿in￿children.•￿￿第22页/共102页第二十二页，共103页•retard￿(n.):￿(spoken￿not￿polite)￿an￿offensive￿word￿for￿a￿stupid￿person•￿￿retarded:￿less￿mentally￿developed￿than￿other￿people￿of￿the￿same￿age.￿(￿rude￿and￿offensive)•To￿even￿the￿most￿politically￿retarded￿this￿is￿a￿nonsense.第23页/共102页第二十三页，共103页。

to￿champion￿•written￿￿•to￿publicly￿fight￿for￿and￿defend￿an￿aim￿or￿principle,￿such￿as￿the￿rights￿of￿a￿group￿of￿people;￿to￿support￿(the￿cause);￿to￿defend￿violently•￿to￿champion￿the￿cause￿of￿religious￿freedom•￿to￿passionately￿champion￿the￿poor•to￿champion￿the￿cause￿of￿gay￿rights第24页/共102页第二十四页，共103页to￿combat•to￿fight￿against•combat￿inflation/crime/racism/pollution第25页/共102页第二十五页，共103页a￿succession￿of•￿a￿number￿of￿people￿or￿things￿of￿the￿same￿kind￿following,￿coming￿or￿happening￿one￿after￿the￿other•A￿succession￿of￿visitors￿came￿to￿the￿door.•￿￿￿He￿has￿been￿hit￿by￿a￿succession￿of￿injuries￿since￿he￿joined￿the￿team第26页/共102页第二十六页，共103页。

in￿succession•￿happening￿one￿after￿the￿other￿without￿anything￿different￿happening￿in￿between•She￿won￿the￿championship￿four￿times￿in￿succession.￿•in￿quick/rapid/close￿succession￿(=quickly￿one￿after￿the￿other)￿•He￿fired￿two￿shots￿in￿quick￿succession.第27页/共102页第二十七页，共103页antidote￿n.•￿a￿substance￿that￿stops￿the￿effects￿of￿a￿poison•There￿is￿no￿known￿antidote￿to￿a￿bite￿from￿this￿snake.•something￿that￿makes￿an￿unpleasant￿situation￿better•Just￿now￿work￿seemed￿the￿best￿antidote￿to￿the￿frustration￿that￿was￿boiling￿inside￿her.第28页/共102页第二十八页，共103页。

deadly￿adj.•deadly￿poison;•￿deadly￿weapon;￿•deadly￿disease/virus￿•deadly￿serious/dull/boring￿第29页/共102页第二十九页，共103页dead￿adj.￿•in￿dead￿silence￿•a￿dead￿stop￿•the￿dead￿centre￿第30页/共102页第三十页，共103页dead￿adv.•dead￿right/wrong;￿•dead￿quiet/calm/still•=completely•He￿was￿dead￿good-looking.•It￿sounded￿dead￿boring.￿￿￿•￿dead￿tired￿(=very￿tired)•=very第31页/共102页第三十一页，共103页to￿complement•to￿add￿to￿sth.￿in￿a￿way￿that￿improves￿it￿or￿makes￿it￿more￿attractive•to￿make￿a￿good￿combination￿with￿someone￿or￿something￿else￿第32页/共102页第三十二页，共103页。

to￿depart•to￿start￿to￿use￿new￿ideas￿or￿do￿something￿in￿a￿different￿way•It's￿revolutionary￿music;￿it￿departs￿from￿the￿old￿form￿and￿structures.￿•In￿his￿speech,￿the￿President￿departed￿from￿his￿text￿only￿once.第33页/共102页第三十三页，共103页distinct￿adj.•two￿entirely￿distinct￿languages;•￿distinct￿types/groups/categories￿•￿clearly￿different￿or￿belonging￿to￿a￿different￿type￿•The￿learning￿needs￿of￿the￿two￿groups￿are￿quite￿distinct￿from￿each￿other.第34页/共102页第三十四页，共103页distinctive￿adj.•having￿a￿special￿quality,￿character,￿or￿appearance￿that￿is￿different￿and￿easy￿to￿recognize•a￿rock￿band￿with￿a￿distinctive￿sound•￿￿￿The￿most￿distinctive￿feature￿of￿the￿building￿is￿its￿enormous￿dome-shaped￿roof.•Whatever￿you￿think￿of￿Larkin's￿poetry,￿it's￿certainly￿distinctive.第35页/共102页第三十五页，共103页。

entity￿n.•fml.￿something￿that￿exists￿as￿a￿single￿and￿complete￿unit•The￿mind￿exists￿as￿a￿separate￿entity.•Good￿design￿brings￿a￿house￿and￿garden￿together￿as￿a￿single￿entity.•separate￿entity•single￿entity第36页/共102页第三十六页，共103页to￿disregard•to￿ignore￿something￿or￿treat￿it￿as￿unimportant•He￿ordered￿the￿jury￿to￿disregard￿the￿witness's￿last￿statement.￿•Mark￿totally￿disregarded￿my￿advice.第37页/共102页第三十七页，共103页disregard￿n.•You￿have￿shown￿a￿total￿disregard￿for￿(of)￿the￿law.•He￿said￿the￿bombing￿was￿in￿complete￿disregard￿of￿the￿Geneva￿Convention.第38页/共102页第三十八页，共103页。

credit￿n.•an￿amount￿of￿money￿placed￿by￿a￿bank￿at￿the￿disposal￿of￿a￿client,￿against￿which￿he￿may￿draw￿第39页/共102页第三十九页，共103页to￿dwarf•to￿be￿so￿big￿that￿other￿things￿are￿made￿to￿seem￿very￿small•The￿cathedral￿is￿dwarfed￿by￿the￿surrounding￿skyscrapers.•￿￿￿The￿ship￿came￿slowly￿into￿the￿harbour,￿dwarfing￿all￿the￿surrounding￿boats.•￿￿￿The￿present￿trouble￿dwarfed￿the￿other￿matter.•￿n.￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿Snow￿White￿and￿the￿Seven￿Dwarfs.•adj.￿￿￿￿￿￿￿A￿dwarf￿plant,￿animal,￿etc.￿第40页/共102页第四十页，共103页bond￿n.•￿an￿official￿document￿promising￿that￿a￿government￿or￿company￿will￿pay￿back￿money￿that￿it￿has￿borrowed,￿often￿with￿interest￿第41页/共102页第四十一页，共103页。

equity￿n.•(technical)￿shares￿in￿a￿company￿from￿which￿the￿owner￿of￿the￿shares￿receives￿some￿of￿the￿company's￿profits￿rather￿than￿a￿fixed￿regular￿payment￿•Comp:￿￿stock￿=￿share,￿shares第42页/共102页第四十二页，共103页to￿total•￿￿vt.￿to￿reach￿a￿particular￿total•The￿number￿of￿people￿included￿in￿the￿study￿totaled￿170.•total￿something￿up•At￿the￿end￿of￿the￿game,￿total￿up￿everyone's￿score￿to￿see￿who￿has￿won.￿•￿to￿find￿the￿total￿number￿or￿total￿amount￿of￿something￿by￿adding￿第43页/共102页第四十三页，共103页binge￿n.•to￿go￿on￿a￿binge￿infml.•to￿do￿too￿much￿of￿sth.￿such￿as￿eating,￿drinking,￿shopping￿•a￿week-end￿binge,￿a￿crying￿binge,￿•the￿import￿binge,￿•a￿shopping￿binge,￿a￿buying￿binge第44页/共102页第四十四页，共103页。

spree￿n.•to￿go￿on￿a￿spending￿spree,￿•a￿shopping￿spree,￿a￿buying￿spree•a￿drinking￿spree•a￿short￿period￿of￿time￿when￿you￿do￿a￿lot￿of￿one￿activity,￿especially￿spending￿money￿or￿drinking￿alcohol•Then,￿against￿the￿background￿of￿bitter,￿violent￿parental￿quarrels,￿Chester￿began￿a￿spree￿of￿delinquency.第45页/共102页第四十五页，共103页to￿acquire￿•to￿obtain￿by￿buying•to￿acquire￿a￿taste￿for￿sth.￿•She￿had￿acquired￿a￿taste￿for￿European￿beer.•an￿acquired￿taste•something￿that￿people￿only￿begin￿to￿like￿after￿they￿have￿tried￿it￿a￿few￿times￿•Curry￿is￿an￿acquired￿taste￿第46页/共102页第四十六页，共103页。

to￿merge•The￿bank￿announced￿that￿it￿was￿to￿merge￿with￿another￿of￿the￿high￿street￿banks.•the￿merger￿of/between,￿with•They￿proposed￿a￿merger￿between/of￿two￿of￿the￿largest￿software￿companies•There￿has￿been￿a￿lot￿of￿talk￿about￿a￿merger￿with￿another￿leading￿bank.第47页/共102页第四十七页，共103页to￿pass•to￿go￿beyond￿the￿limit￿of;￿to￿become￿more￿than￿a￿particular￿number￿or￿amount￿•to￿pass￿belief,￿•to￿pass￿one’s￿comprehension第48页/共102页第四十八页，共103页to￿pass￿for•if￿something￿passes￿for￿another￿thing,￿it￿is￿so￿similar￿to￿that￿thing￿that￿people￿think￿that￿is￿what￿it￿is•With￿my￿hair￿cut￿short,￿I￿could￿have￿passed￿for￿a￿boy.第49页/共102页第四十九页，共103页。

boom￿n.•to￿go￿from￿boom￿to￿bust第50页/共102页第五十页，共103页corporate￿adj.•￿belonging￿to￿or￿relating￿to￿a￿corporation•corporate￿headquarters￿=￿main￿offices•the￿corporate￿culture￿第51页/共102页第五十一页，共103页convict￿vt.•to￿prove￿or￿officially￿announce￿that￿someone￿is￿guiltyl￿of￿a￿crime￿after￿a￿tril￿in￿a￿law￿court•be￿convicted￿of•Buxton￿was￿convicted￿of￿rape.•This￿is￿a￿convicted￿murderer.•≠acquit•to￿give￿a￿decision￿in￿a￿court￿of￿law￿that￿someone￿is￿not￿guilty￿of￿a￿crime•She￿was￿acquitted￿of￿murder.￿•￿第52页/共102页第五十二页，共103页。

to￿keep/stay￿abreast￿of￿something•to￿make￿sure￿that￿you￿know￿all￿the￿most￿recent￿facts￿or￿information￿about￿a￿particular￿subject￿or￿situation•It's￿important￿to￿keep￿abreast￿of￿the￿latest￿developments￿in￿computers.•￿￿￿to￿walk/ride￿etc￿abreast:￿to￿walk,￿ride￿etc￿next￿to￿each￿other,￿all￿facing￿the￿same￿way•The￿planes￿were￿flying￿four￿abreast.第53页/共102页第五十三页，共103页relentless￿adj.•￿strict,￿cruel,￿or￿determined,￿without￿ever￿stopping•=remorseless•relentless￿persecution•relentless￿criticism￿•Her￿success￿is￿due￿to￿a￿relentless￿pursuit￿of￿perfection.第54页/共102页第五十四页，共103页。

indicator￿n.•something￿that￿can￿be￿regarded￿as￿a￿sign￿of￿something￿else•All￿the￿main￿economic￿indicators￿suggest￿that￿trade￿is￿improving.•￿￿￿High￿levels￿of￿cholesterol￿may￿be￿an￿important￿indicator￿of￿heart￿disease￿risk.第55页/共102页第五十五页，共103页to￿be￿hard-pressed￿￿￿to￿be￿heavily￿burdened;￿to￿have￿serious￿difficulties￿doingYou'd￿ be￿hard￿pressed￿to￿find￿anyone￿better￿for￿the￿job.￿第56页/共102页第五十六页，共103页to￿hamstring￿•￿to￿make￿someone￿unable￿to￿take￿the￿action￿they￿want￿or￿need￿to￿take,￿especially￿by￿restricting￿them;￿to￿cripple;￿to￿destroy￿or￿hinder￿the￿efficiency￿of•The￿President￿feels￿he￿is￿hamstrung￿by￿Congress.￿•￿￿￿The￿company￿is￿hamstrung￿by￿its￿poor￿management.第57页/共102页第五十七页，共103页。

第58页/共102页第五十八页，共103页sub-•1)￿below￿or￿under￿￿￿￿•sub-Sahara;￿submarine;￿subway•￿2)￿almost￿or￿nearly￿•￿￿subtropical;￿subhuman;￿subconscious•￿3)￿less￿important￿or￿lower￿in￿rank￿•￿￿￿￿￿￿subordinate;￿substandard￿￿￿￿￿•￿4)￿a￿smaller￿part￿of￿a￿whole￿￿•￿￿￿￿subcontinent;￿subcommittee;￿•￿￿￿￿subculture第59页/共102页第五十九页，共103页embrace￿n.•acceptance￿of￿new￿idea,￿opinion,￿religion￿etc.•Most￿people￿showed￿ready￿embrace￿of￿the￿new￿doctrine.•to￿embrace￿fml.•We￿hope￿these￿regions￿will￿embrace￿democratic￿reforms.￿第60页/共102页第六十页，共103页。

to￿fare•slightly￿outdated￿•to￿get￿along;￿to￿turn￿out•How￿did￿you￿fare￿in￿your￿exams?•￿to￿fare￿badly￿第61页/共102页第六十一页，共103页to￿be￿prone￿to￿sth.•￿likely￿to￿do￿something￿or￿suffer￿from￿something,￿especially￿something￿bad￿or￿harmful•The￿fierce￿competition￿makes￿students￿more￿prone￿to￿nervous￿breakdown.•￿￿￿She￿is￿prone￿to￿asking￿stupid￿questions￿on￿such￿occasions.•￿￿￿He￿is￿accident-prone.第62页/共102页第六十二页，共103页lopsided￿adj.•unbalanced,￿unequal￿or￿uneven,￿especially￿in￿an￿unfair￿way•￿lopsided￿economic￿development•￿￿￿a￿lopsided￿victory￿￿•The￿lopsided￿final￿score,8-0,￿may￿suggest￿an￿easy￿victory.第63页/共102页第六十三页，共103页。

•on￿all/several/both￿etc￿counts•in￿every￿way,￿in￿several￿ways￿etc•I￿find￿this￿unconvincing￿on￿several￿counts.•He￿was￿convicted￿by￿a￿jury￿on￿all￿counts￿and￿sentenced￿to￿41￿months￿in￿prison.•He￿had￿failed￿on￿both￿counts.第64页/共102页第六十四页，共103页ensuing￿adj.•happening￿after￿a￿particular￿action￿or￿event,￿especially￿as￿a￿result￿of￿it•the￿ensuing￿battle/conflict/debate￿•the￿ensuing￿days/months/years￿etc•￿to￿ensue￿•fml.￿￿to￿happen￿after￿or￿as￿a￿result￿of￿something•These￿problems￿ensue￿from￿food￿and￿medical￿shortages.第65页/共102页第六十五页，共103页。

•.crony￿(n.):•￿one￿of￿a￿group￿of￿people￿who￿spend￿a￿lot￿of￿time￿with￿each￿other￿-￿used￿to￿show￿disapproval￿•cronyism￿(n.):￿•the￿practice￿of￿unfairly￿giving￿the￿best￿jobs￿to￿your￿friends￿when￿you￿are￿in￿a￿position￿of￿power￿第66页/共102页第六十六页，共103页"Crony￿capitalism"•A￿type￿of￿capitalism￿in￿which￿business￿success￿is￿heavily￿dependent￿upon￿one’s￿connections.第67页/共102页第六十七页，共103页inept￿adj.•￿not￿good￿at￿doing￿something•￿inept￿leadership•He￿was￿criticized￿for￿his￿inept￿handling￿of￿the￿problem.•Blake￿was￿intellectually￿able￿but￿politically￿inept.第68页/共102页第六十八页，共103页。

excess￿adj.•more￿than￿necessary￿or￿reasonable•Excess￿enthusiasm￿can￿impede￿our￿calm￿reasoning.•Excess￿luggage/baggage•excess￿n.•￿Little￿boys￿seem￿to￿have￿an￿excess￿of￿energy.￿•a￿larger￿amount￿of￿something￿than￿is￿allowed￿or￿needed￿第69页/共102页第六十九页，共103页downturn￿n.•a￿reduction￿in￿the￿amount￿or￿success￿of￿sth,￿such￿as￿a￿country’s￿economic￿activity•There￿is￿evidence￿of￿a￿downturn￿in￿the￿building￿trade.•upturn,￿downpour,￿downfall,￿uproar,￿input,￿output,￿outcome,￿outlook,￿onrush￿•It￿was￿clear￿right￿from￿the￿outset￿that￿there￿were￿going￿to￿be￿problems.第70页/共102页第七十页，共103页。

Compound•adv.￿+￿v. =n.•v.￿+￿n.￿→￿n.:￿cut-throat,￿breakwater•n.￿+￿-ed￿participle￿→￿adj.:￿homemade,￿book-learned•adj.￿+￿-ed￿participle￿→￿adj.:￿newborn,￿deep-laid第71页/共102页第七十一页，共103页Business￿terms•current-account:￿a￿account￿of￿credits,￿debits,￿receipts,￿and￿expenditures￿between￿two￿countries￿•经常(jīngcháng)项目帐目•deficit:￿The￿value￿of￿a￿nation’s￿imports￿exceed￿the￿value￿of￿its￿exports.•balance￿of￿payment:￿the￿difference￿between￿a￿country’s￿imports￿and￿export￿•国际收支第72页/共102页第七十二页，共103页•balance￿of￿payments￿deficit￿:￿•国际收支逆差(nìchā)/亏损•balance￿of￿payments￿surplus:•￿国际收支顺差/赢余第73页/共102页第七十三页，共103页。

￿to￿snowball￿into￿•to￿grow￿into;￿to￿escalate￿into;￿to￿develop￿into￿with￿escalating￿•Soon,￿the￿project￿snowballed￿into￿a￿nationwide￿campaign.￿•￿This￿project￿will￿have￿a￿snowball￿(adj.)￿effect￿in￿creating￿a￿lot￿of￿new￿possibilities￿for￿the￿company.￿第74页/共102页第七十四页，共103页•Roughly￿in￿the￿order￿of￿seriousness,￿poor￿economic￿performance￿is￿usually￿described￿as￿•economic￿stagnation,￿a￿slowdown,￿a￿slackening,￿a￿downturn,￿a￿decline,￿a￿setback,￿a￿recession,￿a￿depression,￿a￿slump,￿or￿a￿crisis,￿roughly￿in￿this￿order￿of￿seriousness.￿第75页/共102页第七十五页，共103页。

projection￿n.•a￿statement￿or￿calculation￿about￿what￿something￿will￿be￿in￿the￿future￿or￿was￿in￿the￿past,￿based￿on￿information￿available￿now￿•projections￿of￿declining￿natural￿gas￿production•population￿projections￿for￿the￿next￿25￿years•He￿declined￿to￿make￿projections￿about￿fourth￿quarter￿earnings.￿第76页/共102页第七十六页，共103页to￿materialize•to￿happen￿or￿appear￿in￿the￿way￿that￿you￿expected;￿to￿come￿true•Problems￿were￿expected,￿but￿they￿never￿materialized.•The￿money￿we￿had￿been￿promised￿failed￿to￿materialize.第77页/共102页第七十七页，共103页。

￿surge￿n.•a￿sudden￿increase￿in￿amount￿or￿number•￿Her￿books￿enjoyed￿a￿huge￿surge￿in￿popularity￿in￿the￿mid-1980s.•￿￿￿Last￿year￿there￿was￿a￿surge￿in￿the￿company's￿profits￿to￿$122m.•￿a￿sudden,￿large￿increase￿in￿a￿feeling•a￿surge￿of￿excitement￿/￿anger￿/￿interest第78页/共102页第七十八页，共103页alien￿adj.very￿different￿from￿what￿you￿are￿used￿to,￿esp.￿in￿a￿way￿that￿is￿difficult￿to￿understand￿or￿accept￿￿￿￿￿=strange•the￿alien￿environment￿of￿the￿city•￿￿￿The￿way￿of￿life￿in￿the￿tribe￿is￿totally￿alien￿to￿us.第79页/共102页第七十九页，共103页。

•belonging￿to￿another￿country￿or￿race￿￿=￿foreign•alien￿cultures•an￿alien￿multiracial￿society第80页/共102页第八十页，共103页be￿foreign￿to•￿fml.￿to￿seem￿strange￿to￿someone￿as￿the￿result￿of￿not￿being￿known￿or￿understood•=￿be￿alien￿to￿somebody•The￿language￿of￿finance￿and￿economics￿is￿quite￿foreign￿to￿me.第81页/共102页第八十一页，共103页•to￿be￿not￿typical￿of￿someone's￿usual￿character•Aggression￿completely￿foreign￿to￿his￿nature￿.•≠￿be￿alien￿to￿第82页/共102页第八十二页，共103页•alien￿n.￿￿￿vs.￿foreigner第83页/共102页第八十三页，共103页agenda￿n.•￿a￿list￿of￿problems￿or￿subjects￿that￿a￿government,￿organization￿etc￿is￿planning￿to￿deal￿with•be￿high￿on￿agenda/be￿top￿of￿agenda￿•Measures￿to￿combat￿terrorism￿will￿be￿high￿on￿agenda.￿•be￿one￿of￿the￿most￿important￿problems￿to￿deal￿with•to￿set￿agenda￿for￿sth.第84页/共102页第八十四页，共103页。

coherent￿adj.•(of￿ideas,￿thoughts,￿arguments,￿etc.)￿logical￿and￿well￿organized￿and￿easy￿to￿understand￿and￿clear•(of￿a￿person)￿able￿to￿talk￿and￿express￿yourself￿clearly•≠incoherent第85页/共102页第八十五页，共103页cohesive￿adj.•fml.￿forming￿a￿united￿whole•(of￿an￿article￿between￿two￿parts￿of￿a￿sentence￿or￿a￿larger￿piece￿of￿writing)￿having￿a￿close￿relationship,￿based￿on￿grammar￿or￿meaning,￿•紧凑( jǐncòu)•cohesion￿n.第86页/共102页第八十六页，共103页case￿n.•reason•a￿case￿in￿point•a￿strong￿case•put￿forward￿a￿case第87页/共102页第八十七页，共103页。

spontaneous￿adj.•not￿planned•spontaneity第88页/共102页第八十八页，共103页to￿propel￿•￿to￿move,￿drive,￿or￿push￿something￿forward•The￿boat￿is￿propelled￿by￿a￿small￿motor•￿￿￿He￿is￿propelled￿by￿both￿guilt￿and￿the￿need￿to￿avenge￿his￿father.•￿￿￿The￿change￿is￿propelled￿by￿the￿new￿economic￿upsurge.第89页/共102页第八十九页，共103页backlash￿n.•a￿strong￿negative￿reaction￿by￿a￿number￿of￿people￿against￿recent￿events,￿especially￿against￿political￿or￿social￿developments•≠support•The￿1970s￿saw￿the￿first￿backlash￿against￿the￿emerging￿women's￿movement.•The￿management￿feared￿a￿backlash￿from￿angry￿fans￿over￿the￿team’s￿recent￿poor￿performances.￿第90页/共102页第九十页，共103页。

plausible￿adj.•reasonable￿and￿likely￿to￿be￿true￿or￿successful￿•≠￿implausible•￿I￿need￿to￿think￿of￿a￿plausible￿excuse￿for￿not￿going￿to￿the￿meeting.￿•plausibility￿n.第91页/共102页第九十一页，共103页presumption￿n.•something￿that￿you￿think￿is￿true￿because￿it￿is￿very￿likely￿•￿the￿presumption￿that￿their￿wealth￿is￿the￿result￿of￿crime•￿￿￿On￿the￿presumption￿that￿the￿doctor￿knows￿best,￿I￿took￿the￿medicine.第92页/共102页第九十二页，共103页constituent￿n.•A￿person￿who￿votes,￿and￿lives￿in￿a￿particular￿area￿represented￿by￿one￿politician•constituent￿adj.•fml.￿￿•Break￿something￿up￿into￿its￿constituent￿parts/elements•being￿one￿of￿the￿parts￿that￿makes￿a￿whole第93页/共102页第九十三页，共103页。

to￿constitute•Does￿such￿an￿activity￿constitute￿a￿criminal￿offence?•=￿make￿up•Female￿workers￿constitute￿the￿majority￿of￿the￿labour￿force.•constitution￿n.第94页/共102页第九十四页，共103页glut￿n.•A￿situation￿in￿which￿there￿is￿more￿of￿sth.￿than￿is￿needed￿or￿can￿be￿used•≠￿shortage•Paraphrase:￿•We￿can￿assume￿that￿practical￿politicians￿would￿no￿doubt￿try￿to￿protect￿their￿voters￿from￿the￿flood￿of￿products￿from￿other￿countries.第95页/共102页第九十五页，共103页to￿implode•if￿sth￿such￿as￿an￿organization￿or￿an￿economic￿system￿implodes,￿it￿is￿completely￿destroyed￿by￿things￿that￿are￿happening￿within￿it￿￿--implosion￿(n.)•Most￿nations￿learned￿their￿lesson￿during￿the￿1930s￿when￿trade￿imploded￿and￿incomes￿plunged.•￿￿￿Such￿imploding￿partnerships￿can￿ruin￿all￿chances￿for￿success￿for￿both￿the￿people￿involved.第96页/共102页第九十六页，共103页。

prospect￿n.•an￿idea￿of￿what￿might￿or￿will￿happen￿in￿the￿future•an￿exciting￿prospect•a￿daunting￿prospect•The￿prospect￿of￿becoming￿a￿father￿filled￿him￿with￿alarm.•to￿be￿in￿prospect•likely￿to￿happen第97页/共102页第九十七页，共103页inter-:•between￿or￿involving￿two￿or￿more￿different￿things,￿places,￿or￿people•interdepartmental￿•interdisciplinary￿•an￿interstate第98页/共102页第九十八页，共103页to￿cut￿both￿ways•Informal•to￿have￿disadvantages￿as￿well￿as￿advantages•The￿higher￿the￿interest￿rate,￿the￿greater￿the￿financial￿risk￿-￿which,￿of￿course,￿cuts￿both￿ways.第99页/共102页第九十九页，共103页。

peril￿n.•￿literary￿or￿formal￿a￿danger￿or￿problem￿in￿a￿particular￿activity￿or￿situation￿---￿•perilous￿(adj.)•Lugar￿calls￿nuclear￿terror￿the￿greatest￿peril￿of￿our￿age.•￿￿￿They￿started￿a￿perilous￿journey￿across￿the￿mountains.第100页/共102页第一百页，共103页to￿exceed•to￿go￿beyond￿what￿rules￿or￿laws￿say￿you￿are￿allowed￿to￿do•He￿was￿fined￿for￿exceeding￿the￿speed￿limit.￿•The￿riot￿police￿had￿exceeded￿their￿authority.•excess￿adj.•exceedingly￿￿fml.￿extremely;￿very;￿very￿much第101页/共102页第一百零一页，共103页感谢您的观看(guānkàn)！第102页/共102页第一百零二页，共103页。

内容(nèiróng)总结Major pointscombat inflation/crime/racism/pollutiondistinct types/groups/categoriescrony (n.):第101页/共102页感谢您的观看(guānkàn)第一百零三页，共103页。