修 辞1.metonymy, synecdoche(1)metonymy(借代):指两个事物并不类似,但却有 不可分割的联系,因此用一个事物代替另一个事物借代是 用B来代替A,而完全舍去A,一般是以工具代替使用者, 以具体代替抽象,以作者代替作品,以地点代替机构组织 如:1) Sometimes the pen may be mightier than the sword.2) 有时文人比武士更有力量3) 2) To read a Shakespeare or Mark Twain is to eat a 4) food full of protein; likewise, to read a pornographic 5) magazine is to eat a sugar-coated poison.6) 读一部莎士比亚或马克•吐温的作品就是吃一份富含蛋白 7) 质的食物;同样,读一期黄色杂志就是吃一剂糖衣毒药2) synecdoche(提喻):提喻与借代有些类似,它可以 是部分代替整体,也可以是整体代替部分,或原材料代替所构 成的事物如:1) There are a lot of intelligent heads in this university.这所大学拥有许多有智慧的人才。
2) Still, if all hands had been got together, they would not have more than half filled the room.即使全体人员集合起来,也装不满半个房间2. hyperbole, understatement(1) hyperbole(夸张):在事物原有的基础上进行扩大或 缩小,即“言过其实”2) understatement(低调陈述):对事物轻 描淡写,在看似不经意间表达特定的情感故意 缩小事态,给人以强烈的印象,收到加强表现力 的效果如:1) Mary and I still feel that Stiffer’s sentences wouldn’t change a thing.说话者有意识地用低调陈述来避免语意强度表 达“everything”2) Little did I dream of meeting you here.= I never dreamed of meeting you here.3) Living in the western part of the country has its problems, of which obtaining fresh water is not the least.居住在这个国家的西部有它自己的问题,其中获得淡水 可不是个小问题。
用否定的形式间接表达肯定的语气 3. Transferred epithet (移就):指将只适用于描写 某一 事物的词语用在描写其他事物上,从逻辑角度来看 似乎有些不合常理,但在特定的语言环境中却可以收到 意想不到的效果这种方法摒弃了常规的搭配模式,言 简意 赅,令人耳目一新如:(1) Franklin Roosevelt listened with bright-eyed smiling attention, saying nothing, and applauding heartily with the rest.富兰克林•罗斯福目光炯炯,满脸笑容,聚精会神地听着,他没说什么,只是跟大伙儿开心地鼓掌喝彩2) The American society saw a gnawing poverty during the years of the Great Depression.大萧条的岁月中,美国经历了虫咬般刻骨铭心的贫困4.双关语(pun)双关语是利用词的同音异义或同形异义,使一个词语或句 子具有两种不同的含义,从而令语言生动有趣、诙谐幽默 ,达到借题发挥、旁敲侧击、由此及彼的效果。
双关分谐 音双关和语义双关1)谐音双关:利用同音异义词构成双重含义如:1) On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey on you.周日他们为你祈祷,周一他们对你掠夺2) When a woman complained to her butcher that his sausage tasted like meat at one end, and but bread at the other, he replied,“ Madam, in the times like these, no butcher can make both ends meat. ” 一位妇女对肉铺老板说,他卖的香肠一头是肉味,一头却 是面包味老板回答道:“夫人,这年头没有哪一个肉铺 老板做香肠能两头都是肉(没有哪一个肉铺老板能不赔钱 的)2)语义双关:利用同形异义或一词多义来表达两层含义1) Meanwhile, if you want to buy a cheap house with an uncertain future, apply to a house agent in one of the threatened areas on the south coast of England. You can get a house for a knockdown price but it may turn out to be a knockdown house.同时,如果你想买一所前景不确定的廉价房屋,请与与 英国南部沿海受威胁地区的房屋代理商取得联系。
你会 以极低的价位买一处房子,但它可能哪一天就被冲毁了 2) I finally figure out how government works. The Senate gets the bill from the House. The President gets the bill from the Senate. And we get the bill for everything.我终于弄懂了我们的政体是如何运行的议会的提案由众议 院转到参议院,再从参议院转到总统于是由我们付所有账 单5.轭式搭配法(zeugma)与一语双叙(syllepsis)(1) syllepsis(一语双叙):在句子中一个成分与其他两 个词或短语发生联系,尽管它们在语法上都是正确的,但产 生的语义效果却是意想不到的一语双叙不同于普通的并列 搭配,它的两个搭配经常一个是具体的,一个是抽象的在 通常使用时,人们往往想不到把它们放在一起这种结构可 以使句子言简意赅,内涵丰富,令人回味无穷如:1) He lost his temper and his hat.他既发了脾气又掉了帽子2) People gathered in the hall for friendship and a hot lunch.人们聚集在大厅里,为了友谊,也为了一顿热气腾腾的 午餐。
轭式搭配法与一语双叙的唯一不同之处在于:这种结构中 的某个成分只与其中一个词语的搭配是正确的,而另一个 是被人为放在一起,是不合常理和语法的它巧妙地把前 一个正常的搭配借用到后者,表面上看起来不合逻辑,但 实际上却能产生出其不意的效果,使语言生动别致、耐人 寻味如果说一语双叙能起到出人意料的效果,那么轭式 搭配法则能体现语言使用者的创造性当然这种强制搭配 绝不是随心所欲的,必需要有一定语义基础才能水到渠成 When commemorating the great soul, the friends of his went to the graveyard with weeping eyes and hearts.他的朋友们怀念着他伟大的灵魂,眼里流着泪,心 中悲泣着前往墓地7.仿拟(parody)仿拟是为了使语言诙谐幽默,或具有讽刺意义故意 仿照一种既定的语言模式创造新词的修辞方法其 特点是模仿现有的成语、谚语、格言、诗歌、经典 文章等,改动其中的某个词语,把它们融合在自己 的语言中,以增强文字表现力和感染力如:1) “I won’t have Ralph upset. After all,” she grinned, “a husband in hand is worth two in the bush.”“我不让拉尔夫感到烦恼,不管怎么样,”她露齿笑道:“ 身边有 一个丈夫总比几个飘渺不定的情夫要好。
(A bird in hand is worth two in the bush. 双鸟在林不如 一鸟在手)2) He intended to take an opportunity this afternoon of speaking to Irene. A word in time saves nine.他打算今天下午找个机会和艾琳谈谈,关键时刻的一句 话可以省去将来许多口舌A stitch in time saves nine缝)8. Repetition (反复)p179 如 :No great general ever arouse out of a nation of cowards; no great statesman or philosopher out of a nation of fools; no great artist out of a nation of materialists; no great dramatist except when the drama was the passion of the people.懦夫之国从来产生不出伟大的将领;愚人之国从来产 生不出伟大的政治家或哲学家;人人讲究物质的国度 从来产生不出伟大的艺术家;除非戏剧为民众所酷爱 ,否则就产生不出伟大的剧作家。
9. Antithesis (对对照)与 Parallelism (排比) p180 如:1) A wise man thinks all that he says, a fool says all that he thinks.智者深思熟虑,愚者信口开河2) An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity, a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity.乐观的人在灾难中看到希望,悲观的人在希望中看到灾难1) Antithesis (对对照) 如:(2) Parallelism (排比) Through the years I’ve written silly letters, serious letters, thoughtful letters, bland letters, poetic letters, chatty letters.这些年来我写的信件各式各样:傻里傻气的,一本正经的,深思熟虑的,平淡无奇的,诗情画意的,谈天说地的 10. Climax(层递)与 Anticlimax (突降)p181 (1) Climax(层递):层递与平行结构的不同之处在于三个或三 个以上的结构在形式上虽然是并列的,但在语义上却层层深入,由 浅入深,最后达到高潮。
层递的顺序有可能是时间上由先到后,程 度上由弱到强,也有可能是范围上由小到大如:1)The audience smiled, chuckled, and finally howled.听众微笑,窃窃而笑最后捧腹大笑2) He gazed upon the pretty houses, the green hills and the broad Pacific; his heart was fill。