林语堂,Introduction of Lin,Lin(1895.10.3-1976.3.26) was born in the town of Banzai, Pinghe, Zhangzhou, Fujian(福建省漳州市平和县坂仔镇). This mountainous region made a deep impression on his consciousness, and thereafter he would constantly consider himself a child of the mountains.,Lin studied for his bachelors degree at Saint Johns University in Shanghai, then received a half-scholarship to continue study for a doctoral degree at Harvard University. He left Harvard early, however, moving to France and eventually to Germany, where he completed his requirements for a doctoral degree (in Chinese) at the University of Leipzig(莱比锡).,From 1923 to 1926 he taught English literature at Peking University. After 1928 he lived mainly in the United States, where his translations of Chinese texts remained popular for many years.,Introduction ofLins Family,Lins father was a Christian minister. His wife, Liao TsuiFeng(廖翠凤) was a cookbook author whose authentic recipes did a great deal to popularize the art of Chinese cookery in America. His first daughter Adet Lin (19231971) was an author.,His second daughter Lin TaiYi (林太乙)(1926-2003) was an author too and the general editor of Chinese Readers Digest(中国读者文摘) from 1965 until her retirement in 1988. His third daughter Lin HsiangJu (林相如) (1931-), was called MeiMei(梅梅) in her childhood. She was co-author of cookbooks with her mother, and was a biochemist at Queen Mary hospital in Hong Kong,Lins translationtheory,The president of New York Elemin College praised Lin “has spoken to the people of English speaking world in their own language with an artistry that is at once their envy, admiration and their despair. ”,1.Intensive comprehension for the original text, not only literally but also read between the lines. 2.Fluency and accuracy of Chinese 3.Basic training for translation and accurate understanding towards the standard of translation,第一、对原文文字上及内容上透彻的了解； 第二、译者有相当的国文程度，能写清顺畅达 的中文； 第三、译事上的训练，译者对于翻译标准的问 题有正确的见解。
1.Faithful and true to the original works 2.Fluency 3.Beauty In another way he treated the principles as responsibilities :for original authors , for readers and for art.,忠实、通顺和美 他又从另一角度将这三重标准说成是译者的三种责任：译者对原著者的责任、对中国读者的责任与对艺术的责任Dont translate literally; Be vivid and expressive; Dont translate rigidly; Be clear and coherent. 林语堂提出“忠实”标准的四义： 非字译，须传神，非绝对，须通顺1.保留原语文化 余曰“卿果中道相舍,断无再续之理况曾经 沧海难为水,除却巫山不是云耳”! 译文: Even if you should leave me half -way like this, I said, I shall never marry again. Besides, it is difficult to be water for one who has seen the great seas, and difficult to be clouds for one who has seen the Yangtze Gorges. ,“曾经沧海难为水,除却巫山不是云”出自唐朝诗人元稹离思五首其四 全诗: 曾经沧海难为水,除却巫山不是云。
取次花丛懒回顾,半缘修道半缘君 ,寄喻了诗人对亡妻的怀恋之情诗人把妻子喻为神女化成的“巫山之云”,将与妻子的感情喻为浩森无垠的“沧海”,相形之下,任何“水”或“云”皆黯然失色 两句诗化用典故,取譬极高前句典出孟子尽心上观于海者难为水 ;后句典出宋玉高唐赋序姜在巫山之阳,高丘之阻,旦为朝云,暮为行雨 后人引用这两句诗,多喻指对爱情的忠诚,说明非伊莫属、爱不另与作者沈复引用此典故,意欲向垂危的妻子表达夫妇曾甘苦与共、情笃义挚,再无任何情感可替代 林语堂先生以直译的手法翻译此句,虽然未做任何解释,但英语读者仍能通过字里行间丰富的意象领略到个中文化内涵,取得足够的语境效果 此译既保全了原文的意象又留存了含蓄蕴藉的艺术魅力,可谓形意神俱备2.符合译语文化 又在扬州商家见有虞山游客携送黄杨翠柏各一 盆,惜乎明珠暗投 译文: Once I also saw at the home of a merchant at Yangchow two pots , one of boxwood and one of cypress , presented to him by a friend from Yshan , but this was like casting pearls before swine.,“明珠暗投”源出史记鲁仲连邹阳列传,后用于 比喻贵重的东西落人不识货的人的手中。
原文中的“黄杨翠柏”为珍贵盆景,在中国传统文化中主要供文人雅士玩赏之用,却被送给了一个满身铜臭的庸俗商人,故而作者要发感叹说是“明珠暗投”了 而“pearls before swine”的含义为“valuable things given to people who do not appreciate them”,正与“明珠暗投”之意不谋而合 译者借用英语中现成的俗语来翻译,在不损害原文含义的情况下使读者读来易于理解,且倍感亲切Put sentences in the first place; Translate according to Chinese logic,对于“通顺标准”，他认为要做到两点： 第一、须以句为本位； 第二、须完全根据中文心理The beauty of pronunciations The beauty of meanings The beauty of vividness the beauty of literature and form.,林语堂进一步提出了“美”的五个层次，即为： “声音之美，意义之美，传神之美，文气，文体，形式之美1)兽云吞落日，弓月弹流星。
译文：Beast-clouds swallow the sinking sun, and the bow-moon shoots the falling stars. 短短两行诗中，s音和与之相近的dz音 tz音z音共有八个，林语堂运用了头韵等语音修辞，注意了韵脚的音响选择与效果，加强了全文的节奏感，产生了类似音律的节奏效果，大大增强了词句的感染力，言辞里透出淡雅之美，造成语言韵律和谐，悦耳动听的艺术效果，读来铿锵上口2)清斯濯缨，浊斯濯足 译文：When the water is clear, I will wash the tassels of my hat, and when the water is muddy, I will wash my feet. 巧妙的押韵，结尾为t，注意了韵脚的音响选择与效果，加强了全文的节奏感，大大增强了词句的感染力，使译诗具有更多的音乐特性In Lin Yutangs opinion translation is used for translating; however beauty should be taken into consideration. Ideal translators should regard translation as an art. Love art as well as heart, be scrupulous about it ,and make translation a kind of art. Especially for translating literary works ,and pay special attention to the beauty between the words.,林语堂认为“翻译于用之外，还有美一方面要兼顾的，理想的翻译家应将其工作当成一种艺术。
以爱艺术之心爱它，以对艺术不苟之心对它，使翻译成为美术的一种尤其翻译文学作品，更“不可不注意文字之美的问题”,Lins Works,浮生六记是林语堂先生的最见功力的译作，原为清朝“文学爱好者”沈复的一篇题材较为广泛的自传，作者以简洁生动的文笔描述了他个人生活的方方面面，包括他的婚姻爱情生活、家庭变故、闲情异趣、山水游记等，字里行间流露出作者独特的人生态度、价值观念、性格气质和美学趣味1916年，林语堂来到清华园任英文教员有感于以往教会学校对中文的忽略，他开始认真在中文上下功夫，而这时候，红楼梦就成了理想的教材 本书所选各篇中，若干篇具有远方远代之背景与气氛，虽有异国情调与稀奇特殊之美，但无隔阂费解之处本书是作者又一部向西方介绍中国文化的典型力作，书中一共收录中国古代最著名的小说杰作20篇，按照小说内容的属性分成：神秘与冒险、爱情、鬼怪、讽刺、幻想与幽默、童话等六大类本书完整地表达了林语堂的孔子观，也系统地向西方介绍了儒。