植物学基础知识植物学基础知识一、植物茎的形态术语 茎是植物的营养器官之一，一般是组成地上部分的枝干，主要功 能是输导和支持 （一）、根据植物茎的性质、寿命，可将植物分为木 本植物与草本植物 1.木本植物:茎含有大量的木质，一般比较坚硬寿 命较长，均为多年生的它们又可分为:1）乔木:有明显主干的高大植株，分枝位置距地面较高如旱柳、 毛白杨等2）灌木:主干不明显，植株比较矮小，常由基部分枝，如:月季、蔷 薇、紫荆等3）半灌木:较灌木矮小，高常不及 1 米，基部近地面处木质多年生， 上部茎草质，于开化后枯死，如蒿属植物2、草本植物:茎含有木质较少，多汁、柔软、易折断这类植物 根据生活周期又可分为: <1>一年生草本植物:生活周期在本年内完成， 并结束其生命，开花结果如:水稻、棉花等<2>二年生草本植物:生活周期跨越两个年份，即第一年生长，第 二年才开花结果后枯死如:白菜、萝卜、冬小麦等<3>多年生草本植物: 植物的地下部分能生活多年，每年都发芽生 长如:大理菊、马铃薯、甘薯等二）根据茎的生长习性，可将茎分为以下四种类型:1 直立茎茎背地面而生，直立2匍匐茎茎细长、柔弱、平卧地面，蔓延生长，节上生不定根，芽 发育为新植株。
如草莓、甘薯3攀援茎以茎上发出卷须、吸器等攀援器官，借助攀援器官使植物 攀附于他物上有5种攀援结构:1） 卷须:瓜类、葡萄、豌豆2） 气生根:常春藤、络石3） 叶柄:旱金莲、铁线莲4) 钩刺:猪殃殃、白藤5) 吸盘:爬山虎(地锦)4缠绕茎茎细长，柔弱，不能直立，以茎本身缠绕它物上升如牵 牛等 *5斜生茎*6平卧茎(E炉丫「叶幽I代 jQ片汀"叶sampli ng as rout ine. The measur ing in strume nts, measurement, instrumentation, testing equipment in accordance with the People's Republic of China Act provided for proofing and testing of measurement, new equipment must have a certificate of competency, standards can be used. 14.2.8 information recorded and saved as a single project, any construction steps must have a technician of construction team leader signature construction logs. It should include: warranty plan work procedures; standard specification for technical procurement specifications; baseline and benchmark measurement records; construction cross section height records; identification of concrete, steel and raw material testing records; records of nonconforming; review of the accident report and record the results. 14.3 each single engineered quality assurance measures14.3 1, Earth-rock excavation quality control measures during excavation of the site surveyors should be familiar with the drawings and retest before construction surveying control network information provided by owners and the accurate construction lines, excavation of construction must be in strict accordance with technical measures and control. Topsoil dredging must dig to a specified depth, to adopt the necessary measures to prevent the soil from being washed ... 2, construction and living rooms to be built strictly according to the plan, it is forbidden二、叶的形态术语 叶由叶柄、叶片和托叶三部分组成，叶片是叶的绿色平扁部分， 也是叶光合作用的主要部位，是叶行使其功能的主要部分。
具有叶片、叶柄和 托叶三部分的叶称为完全叶，缺少其中任一部分或两部分的称为不完 全叶一）叶序 指叶在茎或枝条上排列的方式叫叶序，常见的有5种: 1、互生:每节上只生一片叶，如大豆、棉花、玉米等2、对生:每节上相对 着生两片叶，如丁香、芝麻、薄荷等 3、轮生:三个或三个以上 的叶，着生在一个节上，如夹竹桃4、簇（丛）生:两个以上的叶着生于极度缩短的短枝上，如金钱松、 银杏等5、基生:两片以上的叶着生于地表附近的短茎上称为叶基生如蒲公英、车前草等 （二）叶形‘7 叶住3 9 10 11■1 3-^2I. 倒■曲2医肝疋 s .电血駆 」| R孤.百 S®-. 3*0恰魁整■卡 -B IS b W1ITII. »»； 131 ixi-Kir v 1 J ■ttfip册-|4 m 皿辄小心坍豐牡17宜・, | 雷 |V M质矽一 ZI- ■工3. ■? I K（三）叶尖显妒」“」叙越r—姣■呵M% -M- Fi. JC-耳 rM■— 皿二 4 4 !%*-■><■■'?於F彳；汛診「•曲5您嗇矽E r* Wh — F乎 -"E Trk■ I xu.mm w lm!sampli ng as rout ine. The measur ing in strume nts, measurement, instrumentation, testing equipment in accordance with the People's Republic of China Act provided for proofing and testing of measurement, new equipment must have a certificate of competency, standards can be used. 14.2.8 information recorded and saved as a single project, any construction steps must have a technician of construction team leader signature construction logs. It should include: warranty plan work procedures; standard specification for technical procurement specifications; baseline and benchmark measurement records; constructioncross section height records; identification of concrete, steel and raw material testing records; records of nonconforming; review of the accident report and record the results. 14.3 each single engineered quality assurance measures 14.3 1, Earth-rock excavation quality control measures during excavation of the site surveyors should be familiar with the drawings and retest before construction surveying control network information provided by owners and the accurate construction lines, excavation of construction must be in strict accordance with technical measures and control. Topsoil dredging must dig to a specified depth, to adopt the necessary measures to prevent the soil from being washed ... 2, construction and living rooms to be built strictly according to the plan, it is forbidden（四）叶基（五）叶缘sampling as routine. The measuring instruments, measurement, instrumentation, testing equipment in accordance with the People's Republic of China Act provided for proofing and testing of measurement, new equipment must have a certificate of competency, standards can be used. 14.2.8 information recorded and saved as a single project, any construction steps must have a technician of construction team leader signature construction logs. It should include: warranty plan work procedures; standard specification for technical procurement specifications; baseline and benchmark measurement records; construction cross section height records; identification of concrete, steel and raw material testing records; records of nonconforming; review of the accident report and record the re。