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1、英语复习专辑（6） 句子结构及句型+主谓一致句子结构及句型一、句子和句子成分的定义 句子是由单词(短语)按照一定的语法规则组合在一起，能表达一个完整意思的语言单位。组成句子的各个部分称为句子成分。英语句子成分主要有：主语、谓语、宾语、补足语、表语、定语和状语等。1. 主语 表示句子描述的是“谁”(人)或“什么”(事物)，是谓语的陈述对象，通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或者从句等担当。(主语是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，一般放在句首。) eg: The moon moves around the earth. 月亮围绕地球转。 She is a clever girl. 她是一个聪
2、明的女孩儿。 Swimming is a good exercise. 游泳是一项好的运动。 To say is one thing, and to do is another. 说是一回事，做又是另外一回事。 2. 谓语 说明主语的动作或者状态，一般在主语的后面。由动词或者动词短语担当。 eg: I like studying English. 我喜欢学英语。 Chinese is a kind of great language! 汉语是一种伟大的语言！3. 宾语 是动作的承受者，表示及物动词或及物动词短语的对象，或者用于介词后构成介词短语，通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或者从
3、句等担当。 eg: We love our country! 我们热爱我们的祖国！ Her mother likes her very much! 她妈妈非常喜欢她！ 在英语中，有些及物动词，如give, pass, send, bring, tell, teach, show等+ sb. sth.可以有两个宾语：一个指人，一个指物。这样宾语就包括直接宾语(表示动作的承受者，多为物)和间接宾语(表示动作是针对谁或为谁而做，多为人)。我们把“直接宾语+间接宾语”叫做“双宾语”。 eg: He gave me a book. 他给我一本书。(me是间接宾语；book是直接宾语)4. 补足语 是补充
4、说明主语或者宾语用的，通常由名词、形容词、代词、动词(原形)、分词等担当。宾语和宾语补足语之间一般存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 eg: We elected him monitor. 我们选他当班长。(monitor作him的宾语补足语) He was elected monitor. 他被选为班长。 (monitor作he的主语补足语)5. 表语 用来说明主语的性质、特征、状态或者身份，常与系动词一起，通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或者从句担当。 eg: We are Chinese. 我们是中国人。 The story sounds interestin
5、g. 这个故事听起来很有趣。6. 定语 用来修饰或者限定名词及代词，起修饰或限制作用。经常由代词、形容词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或者从句等担当。翻译成汉语时一般定语与中心词之间有“的”字连接。 eg: This is a difficult problem. 这是一个很难的问题。 I have a lot of homework to do. 我有很多家庭作业要写。7. 状语 是修饰动词、形容词、副词或者整个句子用的，通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词或者从句等担当。翻译成汉语时一般状语与中心词之间有“地”字连接。 eg: He can speak English flu
6、ently. 他能很流利地说英语。二、简单句的五种基本句型句型结构主语谓语动词表语宾语宾语补足语1. S + V(vi.)Wedance.2. S + V(vt.) + OIlikeapples.3. S + V(系) + PHeisyoung.4. S + V + Oi + OdShetoldme a story.5. S + V + O + CHemadethe girl laugh.巩 固 练 习 划出下列句子的句子成分 1. My father bought a new bike for me last week. 2. Mr. Li is going to teach us hist
7、ory next term. 3. He began to learn English when he was eleven. 4. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast. 5. On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. 6. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. 7. She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. 8. He ask
8、ed her to take the boy out of school. 9. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.10. How many new words did you learn last class?11. The leaves have turned yellow.12. Soon They all became interested in the subject.13. She was the first to learn about it.14. The days get longer and longer w
9、hen summer comes.15. The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.三、英语句型的分类(一) 英语句子按照用途(交际功能)分为：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。句 型种 类定 义例 句陈述句肯定句用来表示一种肯定的陈述We went to the supermarket yesterday.否定句用来表示一种否定的陈述I havent finished my homework yet.疑问句一般疑问句可以简单地用Yes或No来回答的句子Do you like reading?特殊疑问句针
10、对某一具体内容提问的句子Where would you like to visit?选择疑问句提供两种或两种以上情况供选择的问句When will you go abroad, this month or next month?反意疑问句由“陈述句+简单问句”构成；表示说话者对陈述内容不太确定，想做进一步证实Its a fine day today, isnt it?It isnt a fine day today, is it?祈使句肯定祈使句Do 型Study hard!Watch your steps!Be 型Be careful!Let 型Let me go!否定祈使句Do型和Be型的
11、否定式都是在句首加dont构成Dont forget me!Dont be late for school!Let型的否定式有两种：1. Dont + let + 宾语(多用于第三人称) + 动词原形 + 其他成分。2. Let + 宾语(较常用于第一人称) + not + 动词原形 + 其他成分。Dont let him out!Let me not forget for a moment!有些可用no开头，用来表示禁止性的祈使句No smoking!No parking!感叹句(表达说话者惊异、喜悦、愤怒、气愤等)由感叹词what引导的What + a(an) + (形容词) + 单数可数
12、名词 + 主语 + 谓语What an interesting book it is!What + (形容词) + 可数名词复数或不可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语What kind students they are!What fine weather it is!由感叹词how引导的How + 形容词(副词) + 主语 + 谓语How quickly the boy is writing!How hot it is today!巩 固 练 习 将下列句子接上反意疑问句1. She goes to school on foot every day, _?2. He is working in t
13、he field, _?3. They didnt go to the cinema yesterday, _?4. Tommy will drive his car to Beijing, _?5. Kate hasnt bought the new skirt, _?6. My pencil isnt as long as yours, _?7. Your father stayed at home last Sunday, _?8. There is a monkey in the tree, _? 单项选择1. The TV is too loud. Please_. A. turn
14、it down B. to turn it down C. turn down it D. to turn down it2. _ late again, Bill! A. Dont to be B. Dont be C. Not be D. Be not3. _ cross the road until the traffic lights turn green. A. Not B. Wont C. Doesnt D.Dont4. Please help me carry it, _? A. will I B. will you C. shall I D. shall we5. Dont make so much noise, _? A. will you B. wont you C. shall we D.do you6. Do you know the girl _under the tree? A.
