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1、Presenting a Speech Stephen Lucas Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through language we share experiences, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to thinking itself. Contrary to popular belief, language does not
2、 simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality by giving meaning to events. 在人类创造的万物中，语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。通过语言，我们可以分享经验、 阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识、传承文化。确实，语言对于思想本身至关重要。和流 行的信仰不同的是： 语言并不是简单地反映事实， 而是通过对事件意义的思考来帮助人们感 悟现实。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are t
3、he tools of a speakers craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meanings of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly, vividly, and appropriately. 优秀的演说者尊重语言并懂得如何驾驭语言。 语言是演说者展示才能的工具， 对于他们 来说，如同其他职业的工具一样,语言也有特殊的功
4、用。作为一名演说者，你应该意识到话 语的意义，并懂得如何准确无误地使用语言，使其表达清楚，趣味横生，恰如其分。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately is to an accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in a dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yo
5、urself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?” Choose words that are precise and accurate. 如同数字对于会计的重要性一样， 准确地使用语言对于演说者至关重要。 在没有确切知道一 个词语的意思之前，千万不要盲目使用。碰到没有把握的词语，一定要查词典追根究底。当 你准备演讲之前， 一定要不断地问自己： “我究竟想说些什么？我究竟想表达什么样的意思？” 因此，对于一篇演讲稿的用词来说，必须准确无误。 Using language clearly allows
6、 listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this by using familiar words that are known to the average person and require no specialized background; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter. 如果语言表达清楚无误，听众就能很快抓住你的意思。鉴于此，演说者应该使用
7、那些对 于大多数人来说非常熟悉的词语， 这些词语不需要任何专业背景就能够理解； 演说者应该使 用那些表达具体而不是相对抽象的词语；并且千万不要乱堆砌辞藻，哗众取宠。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way to make your language more vivid is through imagery, or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and me
8、taphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common; it always contains the words “like” or “as.” Metaphor is an implicit comparison between things that are different yet have something in common; it does not contain the words “like” or
9、 “as.” 准确生动地使用语言能够使你的演说贴近生活。 有一种方法可以使你的语言更加生动形 象，那就是通过展开联想或创造语言图示。通过使用表达具体的词语、明喻或者暗喻等手法 可以展开想像。明喻是对事物不同之处的比较，不过有些是相同的：它们总是包含“像 一样”或者“如同一样”这样的连词。暗喻是一种隐性的比喻，它能够把两个形式不同但 是有一些相通之处的事物联系在一起， 暗喻不包含“像一样”或者“如同一样”这样的 连词。 Another way to make your speeches vivid is by exploiting the rhythm of language. Four dev
10、ices for creating rhythm are parallelism, repetition, alliteration, and antithesis. Parallelism is the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Repetition is the use of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. A
11、lliteration comes from repeating the initial consonant sounds of close or adjoining words. Antithesis is the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure. 另一种让你的演说生动形象的方法是注重语言的节奏感。 有四种修辞格可以让你的语言 富有节奏感：排比、重复、头韵和对比。排比是将一组或一系列具有相似结构的词语、短语 或者句子排列在一起； 重复是在一系列短句或者长句的开头或者结尾使用相同的一句话或者 一
12、组词语； 头韵是指邻近或者相邻的几个句子中的首个词语的辅音字母相同； 对比是将一些 意思相反的词语或者句子并列在一起，通常使用排比结构。 Using language appropriately means adapting to the particular occasion, audience, and topic at hand. It also means developing your own language style instead of trying to copy someone elses. If your language is appropriate in all r
13、espects, your speech is much more likely to succeed. 恰当地使用语言是指语言的运用要符合特定的场合、特定的观众和特定的主题。同时， 恰当地使用语言还意味着演说者要有自己的语言风格， 而不是模仿他人的口吻。 如果演说者 的语言在各个方面都能够做到恰如其分，那么这篇演说成功的机率就会大大提高。 Good speeches are not composed of hot air and unfounded assertions. They need strong supporting materials to bolster the speaker
14、s point of view. In fact, the skillful use of supporting materials often makes the difference between a good speech and a poor one. The three basic types of supporting materials are examples, statistics and testimony. 优秀的演说并不是空穴来风、 缺乏论据的决断。 演说者必须找到强有力的论据来支持其 观点。实际上，熟练地使用论据经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。
15、一般来说，通常有三种论据材料：事例、统计数据和证词。 In the course of a speech you may use brief examples specific instances referred to in passing and sometimes you may want to give several brief examples in a row to create a stronger impression. Extended examples often called illustrations, narratives, or anecdotes are lon
16、ger and more detailed. Hypothetical examples describe imaginary situations and can be quite effective for relating ideas to the audience. All three kinds of examples help to clarify ideas, to reinforce ideas, or to personalize ideas. To be more effective, though, they should be vivid and richly textured. 在演说过程中， 你可以使用一些简明扼要的例子比如过去发生的一个很具体的事件 有时候， 你可以罗列好几个简明的例子， 借此增强听众的印象。 扩展性的例子描述、 叙述或者奇闻轶事通常长一些，但更具体。夸张性的例子描述想像中的情形，这种例子 能够将相关的想法有效地传达给听众。 这三种例子都能够帮助演说者理清思绪、 加强印象或 者使
