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1、1. (P1) Computer science deals with the theoretical foundations of information and computation, together with practical techniques for the implementation and application of these foundations, such as programming language theory, computational complexity theory, computer graphics and human-computer i
2、nteraction.计算机科学涉及信息和计算的理论基础，以及这些基础的实施和应用的实际技术，如编程语言理论，计算复杂性理论，计算机图形学和人机交互。2. (P17) The most important piece of graphics hardware is the graphics card, which is the piece of equipment that renders out all images and sends them to a display. There are two types of graphics cards: integrated and dedic
3、ated. An integrated graphics card, usually by Intel for use in their computers, is bound to the motherboard and shares RAM (Random Access Memory) with the CPU, reducing the total amount of RAM available. This is undesirable for running programs and applications that use a large amount of video memor
4、y. A dedicated graphics card has its own RAM and Processor for generating its images, and does not slow down the computer. Dedicated graphics cards also have higher performance than integrated graphics cards. It is possible to have both dedicated and integrated graphics card, however once a dedicate
5、d graphics card is installed, the integrated card will no longer function until the dedicated card is removed.最重要的一块图形硬件是显卡，是一件呈现出所有的图像，并将它们发送到一个显示器的设备。有两种类型的显卡：集成和专用。集成的显卡，通常由英特尔在他们的计算机上使用，被绑定到主板并且与中央处理器共享内存（随机存取存储器），减少了可用的内存总量。这对于使用大量视频内存的程序和应用来说是不可取的。专用显卡有它自己的内存和处理器，用于生成它的图像，并且不会减慢计算机的速度。专用显卡也比集成
6、显卡有更高的性能。有可能既有专门的也有集成的显卡，但是，一旦安装了专用显卡，集成显卡将不再起作用，直到专用显卡被移除。3. (P18) Channel I/O requires the use of instructions that are specifically designed to perform（执行） I/O operations. The I/O instructions address（处理） the channel or the channel and device; the channel asynchronously（异步的）accesses all other req
7、uired addressing and control information. This is similar to DMA, but more flexible.I/O通道需要使用专门设计来执行I/O操作的指令。I/O指令处理通道或通道和设备；通道异步访问所有其他所需的寻址和控制信息。这是类似于DMA，但更灵活。4. (P19) 调制解调器是在模拟和数字信号之间进行转换的设备，它经常用于实现计算机之间通过电话线的互相通信。如果两个调制解调器可同时互相发送数据，那么它们采用的就是全双工工作方式；如果一次只有一个调制解调器可以发送数据，那么它们采用的则是半双工工作方式。Modem is a
8、device that converts analog（模拟） signals to digital signals or conversely（相反地）. It is often used to communicate between computers via（渠道） telephone lines. If the two modems can send data to each other, they use full-duplex mode; if only one modem can transmit data, they use half-duplex mode.5. (P21)
9、We many have defined our last generation of computer and begun the era of generationless computers. Even though computer manufacturers talk of “fifth” and “sixth” generation computers, this talk is more a marketing play than a reflection of reality.我们已经定义了我们的上一代计算机，并且开始了计算机的无代时代。即使计算机制造商谈论的“第五”和“第六”
10、代电脑，这个说法比起现实的反映更像是一个营销游戏。6. (P21) Although microprocessors are still technically considered to be hardware, portions of their function are also associated with computer software. Since microprocessors have both hardware and software aspects they are therefore often referred to as firmware.虽然微处理器仍然在技
11、术上被认为是硬件，它们的部分功能也与计算机软件有联系。因为微处理器有硬件和软件两个方面，因此，他们往往被称为固件。7. (P22) Electronic hardware consists of interconnected（互联的） electronic components（元件/组件） which perform analog or logic operations on received and locally stored information to produce as output or store resulting new information or to provide
12、 control for output actuator mechanisms（机制）.Electronic hardware can range from individual chips/circuits to distributed information processing systems. Well-designed electronic hardware is composed of functional modules which inter-communicate via precisely defined interfaces.电子硬件是由互连的电子元件组成的，这些电子元件
13、对接收到的和本地存储的信息执行模拟或逻辑运算，以产生输出或存储产生的新信息或提供控制输出执行机构的机制。电子硬件的范围可以从单独的芯片/电路到分布式信息处理系统。精心设计的电子硬件是由相互通信的功能模块，通过精确定义的接口组成。8. (P23) Hardware logic is primarily a differentiation of the data processing circuitry from other more generalized circuitry. For example, nearly all computers include a power supply wh
14、ich consists of circuitry not involved in data processing but rather powering the data processing circuits. Similarly, a computer may output information to a computer monitor or audio amplifier which is also not involved in the computational process.硬件逻辑主要是从其他更广义电路的数据处理电路的分化。例如，几乎所有的计算机都包括一个电源，该电源由不
15、涉及数据处理的电路组成，而是提供数据处理电路的电源。同样地，计算机可以输出信息到计算机监视器或音频放大器，也不涉及计算过程。9. (P23 3段) 10. (P30) The Space Shuttle avionics software represents a successful integration of many of the computer industrys most advanced software engineering practices and approaches. Beginning in the late 1970s this software develop
16、ment and maintenance project has evolved one of the worlds most mature software processes applying the principles of the highest levels of the Carnegie Mellon University Software Engineering, Institutes Capability Maturity Model, Trusted Software methodology, and ISO 9001 Standards. This software process, considered to be a “best practice” by many software industry organizations includes state-of-the-practice software reliability engineering methodologie
