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1、 凯程考研，为学员服务，为学生引路！考研备考英语阅读中与“殖民史”有关的真题考研备考英语中对这段北美殖民史“情有独钟”，在历年真题中多有涉及，今天老师就带同学们一起来看看这些真题的特点。一、真题大搜索在88、07、09年的考研备考英语真题中，对这段殖民史都有涉及。美利坚合众国是一首丰富的歌，它不仅是一个民族，而是由许多民族组合成的民族。好好学习这段历史，对考生解题会有意想不到的作用。老师建议考生首先通读以上两篇考研备考真题，对这段殖民史有所了解，再把句中的这类文体常用的重点词汇找出进行详细记忆，将主要观点的英语表述方法熟记于心。(2007年完形填空)西班牙和葡萄牙前殖民地独立后面临的问题：(注
2、：划线部分为原题设问处)By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations.The roughly 20 million inhabitant of these nations looked hopefully to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of repre
3、sentative government, careers opento talent, freedom of commerce and trade,the rightto private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and in
4、tegrated by a common set of 1aws.On the issue of freedom of religion and the position of the Church,however there was lessagreement among the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one granted by the Spanish crown. while most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism as
5、the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the exclusion of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying cry for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from
6、 Haiti and had promised in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spains remaining colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much slower because the new nations still needed the revenue s
7、uch policies produced .Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was unprepared to self-rule and democracy.全文翻译：到了1830年，原来的西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地变成了独立的国家。这些国家的大约2千万居民对未来充满期待。许多独立国家的领导人在旧政权和伊比利亚殖民注意岌岌可危时出生，他们都认同议会制政府，向人才开放职业，商业贸易自由，私有财产所有权，认为个人是社会的基础。他们普遍认为新国家应该是独立的主权国家，
8、足够大，能够在经济上切实可行，由一套共同法律让各个新的独立国家联合起来。但是，在宗教自由和教会地位这个问题上，各国领导人之间存在着分歧。罗马天主教过去是西班牙国教，是唯一得到西班牙王室承认的宗教。多数领导人致力于保留天主教为新国家的官方宗教，而一些领导人致力于终结不能有其他宗教信仰的状况。保卫教会成为保守势力的战斗口号。独立国家早期领导者们的理想通常是平等主义，重视一切平等。玻利瓦尔得到海地的援助，作为回报，他承诺在自己解放的地区废除奴隶制。到了1854年，除了西班牙前殖民地外，奴隶制在其他地区都已被废除。对结素印地安人的上贡问题和对混血人种的税收问题的早期承诺较晚才实现，这是因为新独立的国家
9、仍然需要这些政策所带来的税收收入。平等的情绪通常由于担心大众没有准备好自治和民主而有所缓解。(2009年Text 4 ) 美国早期移民历史：The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in coloni
10、al America was“So much important attachedto intellectual pursuits.” According to many books and articles, NewEnglands leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally
11、 mean to start with the Puritans theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life,we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New
12、world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers
13、who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving N
14、ew England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “S
15、o much important attached to intellectual pursuits.” According to many books and articles, New Englands leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start
16、 with the Puritans theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understoo
