第-20单元-状语2

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1、 第20单元 状语(2) 3副词(短语)的位置 a有关7类副词(短语)位置的特别规律 1665 当副词(短语)修饰动词以外的其他词时,它的位置很容易确定。但在修饰动词时,其位置却不易确定,它可以放在主语前面、助动词前面、主要动词前面、及物动词宾语的前面、补语前面、动词后面、宾语后面或补语后面。在一个特定的句子中,只有一个或两个这类位置,从语法或修辞角度上考虑是最好的。例如在 Johnwilllendmehis bicycle 中,tomorrow只适宜放在一二个位置上,而不是很多位置上。 1666 为了决定副词(短语)的位置,我们把它们分作7类,而不是5类: 1)地点副词(短语):there,

2、forward,ashore;in Japan,at the station,on high 2)时间副词(短语):yesterday,ago,yet;on Sunday,this evening,for five days,from 1950 till 1960,since last Januray 3)频度副词(短语):often,rarely;from time to time 4)肯定副词(短语):surely, definitely,probably;no doubt 5)程度副词(短语):greatly,partially;beyond measure,to some degree

3、 6)方式副词(短语):slowly,sadly;at a low price,in jest 7)疑问副词(短语): where?why?how?when?for what reason?in which room? 1)地点副词(短语) 1667 地点副词(短语)可以: a)放在主语前面。能用在这个位置的副词很少,但可用在这个位置的副词短语却很多: Outside,the wind is blowing Here I stopUpstairs they are gambling In Japan everybody works hardFrom behind a voice said,“g

4、ood morning”To the west lay a large villa Into the city Ive never driven this car(这是错句,否定谓语不能放在表示方向的状语后面,而应放在前面,应当说:Ive never driven this car into the city) 为了强调可以放在主语前面的副词有:off,up,away,over, down,out, in,back,round, on, above,along,about, below,inside,outside Off went John Off John wentOff he(代词) w

5、ent(但不可说Off went he) Down fell the vase Away he ranRound and round flew the bird Up you jump! In you go! Up with the King!Down with Fascism!Off with his head!Away with you! 可以放在不及物动词及主语前面。用在这个位置的副词为there,here,还有一些表示地点的短语,后面跟有以下不及物动词:be,come, go,follow,stand,sit,lie,remain,live, enter, appear, happen

6、, arise, take place,然后跟有一个可能较长的表示人或物的主语: There is a haunted house There is a haunted house there (or here)(第一个 there没有特别意义,第二个there 或here表示地点。) There entered on old man who was over eighty years old but looked very healthy and strong(较长主语) Here stands a hero of our country Here comes the car! Here l

7、ies my paradiseThere goes Jane!(但不能说There goes she!) At the end of the wood( there) lies a cottageAll around the hut(there) grew many beautiful flowersIn the centre of the hall(there) stood a round tableFar out at sea(there)came a fishing-boat b)放在主要动词前时极少。 c)放在及物动词后,放在宾语之前或之后。可放在这个位置的副词为a)中所列off,up

8、,away等词。如果宾语较长并受到强调,副词要放在它前面,如果宾语为代词,副词则必须放在它后面: He put on his coat He put his coat on I picked up the bookI picked the book up She gave away her moneyShe gave it away(不可说She gave away it) He poured me out some tea(不可说 some tea out) She sent him off a gift(不可说 a gift off) (句中有一间接宾语) She took out “th

9、e eggs,butter, cakes and other things” He picked up“the money he had thrown away when he had been angry” He will bring back to me“the radio-set he borrowed last week” (副词必须放在较长的宾语前面) Drink your wine upSwitch the light onPut the cigar out Take everything downTake your hat off(在祈使句中这类副词常放在句末) I put do

10、wn(= wrote down) his name He took over(=assumed control of)the businessWe saw through(=were not deceived by) his trick We carried the project through(=We completed it successfully,put it into practice)He laughed the criticism away(=He ignored it) (“及物动词+地点副词”常常构成成语,并不表示位置。这种成语有时也可分开,如最后两句的情况。) 如果一个表

11、示地点的副词(短语)和一个表示方向的副词(短语)一起用在一个谓语后面,表示方向的副词(短语)应放在表示地点的副词(短语)前面,它们之间不用and,or这类连词: We drove from west to east in the city(但不可说We drove in the city from west to east也不可说 from west to east and in the city) 如果谓语后跟有两个表示地点的副词(短语),表示较大地点的副词(短语)要放在表示较小地点的副词(短语)后面,如果要把其中一个放在主语前面,应将表示较大地点的副词(短语)提前: They can ki

12、ss on the street in the US(但不可说 in the USon the street) In the USthey can kiss on the street(但不可说Onthe street they can kiss in the US) 如果有几个表示方向的副词(短语),则可按事物发生的顺序安排: From Eighth Street we proceeded past the Grand Hotel to the park,and then turn to the west 如果副词(短语)表示宾语(而不是主语)的位置,它们应放在宾语后面: I keep th

13、e tools on the rack We arranged a picnic in Marys backyard I like a vacation by the seaside Everybody expects a revolt from all directions This fine climate attracts us to this country d)放在谓语后面时最多(即放在不及物动词、补语、或及物动词的宾语后面): He went outCome this wayThe train arrived at my town He climbed to the top of

14、the tree He feels lonely in a foreign countryThe stars look small at a great distance Hang your coat over thereI met him downtown 2)时刻或时段的副词(短语) 1668 表示某个时刻或某段时间的副词(短语)可以: a)放在主语前面。可用在这个位置的副词及短语有: yesterday,tomorrow,today,now,once,originally,first,recently,soon,immediately;one morning,just then,three days ago,later on,sooner or later,until then,so far,just now,all at once,during the summ

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