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1、美式论文、报告写作技巧 编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的
2、利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。 通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下： (一) 篇首： 封面(Title) 序言(Preface) 谢词(Acknowledge) 提要(Summary) 目录(Tables and Appendixes) (二) 本文： 引言(Introduction) 主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释 (Foot
3、notes) (三)参考资料： 参考书目(References or Bibliography) 附录资料(Appendix)。 进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者： 一.研究的方向 二.研究的范围 三.资料搜集的范围 四.预期研究成果 通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤， 大纲是论文、报告的骨干， Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作
4、。好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。 就算是小报告，也至少应含 (一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期 (二)Summary： 即主要的结论 (三)Introduction：包括理论背景及内容 (四)Technical
5、 Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。 (五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论 (六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项 美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改
6、，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。 论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。 The Management Of The Hotel In the hotel,the front Office is the most visible area with the greatest amount of guest contact
7、.The inportance of the Front Office can not be over-emphasized.It is the hotels never center and a liaison between the guest and the hotel.The first direct contact many guests have with hotel employees is with members of the Front Office staff.The Front Office is the focus of guest requests for info
8、rmation and service as well as the profit center of room sales. The major functions performed by the Front Office is (1) to sell guest rooms, which includes the acceptance of reservations, the handing of walk-in guests, the completion of the registration procedure, and the assingnment of rooms,Since
9、 guest rooms tend to geneate the highest profit margin winthin the hotel, this primary function becomes crucial to hotel profitability. No other hotel department is held more accountable for a particutlar days occupancy than the Front Office .(2) to provide services which on one hand concerns intern
10、al hotel services such as the handing mails telegrams and m essages for guests special attractions or events .(3) to coordinate guest services. It is a liaison between front of the house and back of the house areas and the center of handing guest problems and community, (4) to chart room sstatus rep
11、orts to coordinate roon sales and housekeeping.(5) to maintain guest accounts, deter.omt credites ,render bills ,receive payments, and provide preparing guest statement ,reconciliation folio and performing the checkout procedure.And to construct guest history fole for future references.Nowadays, the
12、 Front Office generally includes several departments as follows:Reservation-The main responsibility of this department is the proper and prompt handing of guest reservations, maintenance of the reservation and forecasting of room revenue and room aoccupancy.Front Desk-It is the most obviously cisigg
13、le segment of the Front Office,since this area is located in the lobby with which guests have first and last contact during their accounts on departure,The Front Desk provides guests a place that they can turn to with problems or inquities.ropService Staff-Employees such as doormen,luggage clerks an
14、d the concierges are members of this group.Their objective is to help the guests settle in the room and to provide information about local attractions, entertainment or travel.Although Front Office departments deal primarily with guests,they also cooperate with other departments of the hotel so as t
15、o create a home away from home for all guests and contribute to the finan-ciak success of the hotel itself.Hotel properties range from tiny to huge in size. Although large properties such as Chicagos ton and Towers or the Excalibur in Las Vegas catch the publicimagination, the majority of properties
16、 offer between100and 200 units. Surprisingly enough, most properties perform basically the same functions, but the way in which they accomplish them varies with the property size.A large property may employ a general manager under whom an executive as sistant manager assumes responsibility for day-to-day operations.There is often a resident manager who supervises
